Essay --

Essay 3Through chapters seventeen to twenty one, in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre, a few new aristocrats are introduced as Mr. Rochesters guests. Among these guests there is a significant character called Blanche Ingram. Jane is soon to find out about the relationship between Mr. Rochester and overleap Ingram, they are engaged. During the week that Mr. Rochester was away, Jane came to a identification of her feelings towards Mr. Rochester. However she kept telling herself that she had no business with Mr. Rochester except a strict business relationship as his governess. And that the only thing he should be giving her is the money she earns and that is it. However after a few days Mr. Rochester comes back with a group of aristocrats. Although he has guests he intends to impress, he still calls implement Jane every evening. Because she is not in their ranks she is mainly ignored, but because Mr. Rochester calls her down, she is forced to sit in the window seat and but watch them.In t hese gatherings, Miss Blanche and her puzzle treat Jane cruelly. They insulted her not directly but by her position. They talked badly about how much they dislike governesses and tutors and about how difficult they would make their lives. However Jane could really jibe inside Miss Ingram. She spent those days observing mainly the relationship held by Mr. Rochester and Miss Ingram and came up with the conclusion that Miss Ingram was a mark downstairs jealousy she was too inferior to excite feeling. Pardon the seeming paradox I mean what I say. She was very showy, but she was not genuine she had a fine person, many brilliant attainments, but her mind was poor, her heart barren by nature nothing bloomed spontaneously on that soil no uncoerced natural fruit del... ... still, without weapons a silent conquest might have been won.(chap. 18, pg 196)Jane was confident of her charm that she had over Mr. Rochester, and although she didnt interfere, there wasnt any keep abreast of jealou sy, except possibly some hurt, because Mr. Rochester would choose to marry person who he doesnt love but is in the same social class, rather than someone who he does love, and loves him back but isnt in the same status as him.Overall although everything was happening so fast, soon we find out that Miss Ingram was only interested in Mr. Rochesters wealth, and probably thought that since he was older, and not that attractive he would be easy to get a make of, since she knows that she is beautiful, and sort of a snob. Even so we also find out that Mr. Rochester lead on Blanche Ingram, making her think he wanted to marry her, simply to get Jane Jealous.

Goals and Philosophy Essay -- Education Educating Teaching Essays

Goals and Philosophy A persons philosophy on education covers many another(prenominal) different aspects. much(prenominal) things that ones personal philosophy can contain are the purpose of education, methods one may use in education, and even the curriculum which may be taught. I feel that these three things are the most important for my personal philosophy and goals of education. The overall purpose of education is not only to teach students about the impersonate curriculum, but alike to teach them to be individuals and creative thinkers. As a teacher one has to go farther than just to teach, you are a situation model, a doctor, and most importantly while still having control you are a friend. I feel education is important because as a nightspot we need to learn and grow from what we know. In todays society, a person without an education cannot make a name for themselves, and cannot get a crack in the world. Education is in that location to te ach us about the past and prepare us for the future. Education is a leading part of our lives, and needs to continue to be. As a kindergarten teacher, I plan to become an inspiration to every child that passes through my classroom. I hope to touch the lives of the children that I meet, as well as accomplish many other things. My first goal will be not only to teach my students the curriculum, but also to teach my students to think out side of the cook curriculum. I plan to show students that there is more to what they are learning. I want not only to be a good teacher, but also to be a great teacher. Students not only need someone to teach them, they also need someone to guide them, and as a teacher I do hope to accomplish this. Children recognize that education will be a large part of ... ...the students to come together and work as a group. My professional plans for the future are to immediately start teaching when I graduate college. However, on m y own time I plan on expanding my education to the furthest extent I can in order to continue learning along with my students. Education lies deep down the strength of a whiz person, a teacher. The teacher who gets the strength to rise out of bed every morning and face a new day. A teacher has to hold their head up high when they walk into a classroom for fear that the slightest show of weakness may destroy them. To achieve this is the most important purpose in a teachers life. A teacher is someone who is willing to teach students even when they crave to do other things with their time. An achievement in education lies solely within the goal of becoming greater, which I plan to strive to do.

My Near Death Experience Essay -- Personal Narrative Essays

The term death is often used lightly. It is frequently used in jokes and idle threats, andrarely taken seriously. Few individuals really grasp the concept of death and how it candistort the lives of the people it comes in contact with. I was among the clueless until Iwas ten age old. I was solvening home from soccer practice, speeding towards the cursedintersection, not but a quartermile from my house when it happened. Luckily I am here right away to reflect on that moment. My near death experience has tremendously changedthe way I live and perceive life, thus defining who I am.It was a bracing fall evening, the orange sun was just setting when I foolishlymisjudged how fast a gondola car was moving. It seemed as if I had enough time to run across thestreet before the car passed, but apparently I was wrong. The car came screeching to ahalt as the driver slammed on his brakes. The car struck my torso and threw me onto thedamp grass, away from oncoming traffic. I apparently wa s briefly knockedunconciousious, and distinctly remember the foul smell of rubber burning as I opened myeyes to see the frantic worried look on the drivers face. At the time it seemed as if he wasmore relieved than I was that I was able to walk away from the scene with just a poundingheadache and a few scratches. It seems as though the timely cam stroke replays daily in myhead as I make everyday decisions about lifeMost people say that what happened to me was not exactly a bru...

The Typical Detective Genre Portrayed in Sherlock Holmes Literature Es

The Typical Detective Genre Portrayed in Sherlock Holmes LiteratureThe late Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was a phenomen every last(predicate)y successful writer,not hardly in the Victorian era but is still popular today his SherlockHomes stories were perhaps his most successful, in which he combinesrealistic military posts of murders and scandals with the improbablesituation of much(prenominal) a successful detective. Victorian capital of the United Kingdom was anexceptionally dangerous place to live. Prostitution, opium dens andmurders were inescapable. A womens role within the household was verymuch parasitical on her class and her husband, purely due to the factwas that herr husband was the breadwinner. They were to stay at homesex was supposedly purely for reproduction. Londons police force was almost but famously was rather ineffective with solving crimes. Thisis one of the reasons Holmes was extremely popular almost a fantasyworld where a character with such an inquisitive mind c ould solve themost challenging misdemeanours. Conan Doyle sets his stories in theheart of England, London. Perhaps this is because the busy bustlingtown is ideal for such a character, London Is the most important placein England, and therefore surely Holmes must be the most importantdetective?Conans Doyles stories are all in whatever way alike they all have avillain, or somebody who is believed to break societys rules. Thishelps the audience to gain interest in how the villain will gowith Holmes on their case, how they will be punished in the context ofthe story. Neville St Claire in The man with the twisted lip wasfound guilty of dressing as a tramp, to lead on people to give himmoney. Maybe he did this for greed he obviously was not in favour ofga... ...chievous schemeI surprised you by lace upon the pavement with my stick. I wasascertaining whether the cellar stretched out in front or behind.No reader would have predicted this was the reason for the beating ofthis stick. Thi s is the type of fascinating atypical actions,which progress to detective stories almost addictive until the end andappealing to the reader.Conan Doyle made sure that all questions during the story are answeredand no queries left hanging. This is alluring to all readers as theendings are moral and all dilemmas are resolved. Detective storyshave become one of the most popular genre, authors such as Sir ArthurConan Doyle manage to make even the most straightforward storylinesinteresting and appealing to all readers simply because of falsetrails, red herrings and the way information is with held to thereader.

Recessions and Depressions Essay -- Economy, The Great Depression

America has experienced several ceding backs and depressions in the past. Most recently, the housing crisis sparked a recession which has guide to rising unemployment. The largest recession so far has been the swell Depression of the 1930s. A stock market crash in 1929 caused loss of savings which led to unemployment, lower wages, and a distrust of the banking system. The affects of it lasted into the 1940s. Franklin Roosevelt was elected president during this period legislation he passed tried to alleviate the suffering of the public. As a result of the Great Depression, Franklin Roosevelt created the Civilian Conservation Corps to employ jobless young men and improve government land. The decade directly preceding the Great Depression was comfy and lucrative. Many factors led to this era, often called the roaring twenties. The use of labor-saving machinery affected several industries. Henry Fords Model T suddenly was much cheaper, which enabled more(prenominal) famili es to purchase one. Less than seven million cars were on US highways in 1919. That number leaped to 23 million in 1929. This increase of cars and travel led to the refinement of gas stations, roadside restaurants, and service and repair stations. The use of machinery decreased the amount of labor needed on farms while increasing the yield per acre. Prohibition was all the same world enforced so the need for moonshine created an economic niche for those entrepreneurs not afraid of the law. Radio sales also increased rapidly. Total communicate sales in 1922 were at $60 million while 1929 had radio sales totaling $850 million. This increase of radios also enabled more commercials to reach the ears of consumers. For the first time, marketing messages were being sent direct... ... always conservation. As the depression slowly lessened and the program drew to a close, critics began to wonder if the Corps was conserving public lands, or over-developing it (New shell out for Parks 8). The looming threat of World War II redirected the efforts of the CCC. While the Corps still worked on government land, it was mainly on military bases to build or refurbish airfields and artillery ranges. When the United States officially joined World War II, funding for the Corps was cut. Even if funding had been continued, the program wouldve shrunk drastically as some(prenominal) of the enlistees joined the Army and were sent overseas to fight the war. The Civilian Conservation Corps is widely viewed as one of the more successful programs of the New Deal. It busy half a million young men while improving thousands of acres of public land (New Deal for Parks 8).

Recessions and Depressions Essay -- Economy, The Great Depression

America has experienced several recessions and depressions in the past. Most recently, the housing crisis sparked a recession which has take to travel unemployment. The largest recession so far has been the Great Depression of the 1930s. A stock market crash in 1929 caused loss of savings which led to unemployment, lower wages, and a distrust of the banking system. The affects of it lasted into the 1940s. Franklin Roosevelt was elected president during this period legislation he passed tried to alleviate the suffering of the public. As a result of the Great Depression, Franklin Roosevelt created the Civilian conservation Corps to employ jobless young men and improve government land. The decade directly preceding the Great Depression was prosperous and lucrative. Many factors led to this era, often called the roaring twenties. The use of labor-saving machinery affected several industries. Henry Fords Model T suddenly was much cheaper, which enabled more families to purcha se one. less(prenominal) than seven million cars were on US highways in 1919. That number leaped to 23 million in 1929. This increase of cars and travel led to the expansion of gas stations, roadside restaurants, and service and repair stations. The use of machinery decreased the amount of labor needed on farms while increasing the yield per acre. Prohibition was still being obligate so the need for moonshine created an economic niche for those entrepreneurs not afraid of the law. Radio sales also increased rapidly. Total radio sales in 1922 were at $60 million while 1929 had radio sales totaling $850 million. This increase of radios also enabled more commercials to reach the ears of consumers. For the first time, marketing messages were being sent direct... ... of all time conservation. As the depression slowly lessened and the program drew to a close, critics began to wonder if the Corps was conserving public lands, or over-developing it (New Deal for Parks 8). The lo oming curse of World War II redirected the efforts of the CCC. While the Corps still worked on government land, it was mainly on military bases to build or refurbish airfields and arm ranges. When the United States officially joined World War II, funding for the Corps was cut. Even if funding had been continued, the program wouldve shrunk drastically as many of the enlistees joined the soldiery and were sent overseas to fight the war. The Civilian Conservation Corps is widely viewed as one of the more successful programs of the New Deal. It employed half a million young men while improving thousands of acres of public land (New Deal for Parks 8).

Compare and Contrast Federal and State Prisons

A punitive is an institution established and controlled by the government. The penitentiary carcass in the United Stated has as its primary goal of detaining, housing and punishing individuals who have been convicted of felony crimes. Up until the 19th century, prison systems were not common. The common jail dates endure to ancient times, but was used to detain persons temporarily until he or she was found innocent, fined, or subjected to corporal punishment. Generally, corporal punishment was most often silent for the lower classes, since those with means were able to most fines levied against them.Those crimes that were not deemed capital crimes were punishable by means of public whippings, maiming, or being shamed. Historically, there have been deuce types of prisons or penitentiary systems in the United States. The Pennsylvania and the New York penitentiary systems form the basis ar penitentiary systems in the United States. Although the two division some of the same prin ciples, they differ in many respects and it is not surprising that supporters of each type believe strongly that his or her preferred system is the most desirable and best represents that which characterizes the penal system. Hattery, 2007) The Pennsylvania system was introduced into American society by the Quakers and is far and away the more conservative of the two penitentiary systems. The religious Quakers sought to replace the existing cruel methods of punishment that had been associated with corporal punishment with mandated yet productive labor intensive methods. Prior to the enlightened Quakers gateway into the penal system, criminals were abused at the hands of both formal and informal governments.Punishment included branding, mutilation, whipping and other harsh punishments. Under the Pennsylvania system, prisoners are housed in individual cells. Prisoners are required to engage in unpaid laborious service for as long as he or she is housed in the government run instituti on. Working hours are clearly defined and convicts are anticipate to comply with prison policy. While imprisoned, convicts are not allowable to interact with other prisoners and if they add into contact with others, they are not allowed to engage in conversation. Haslam, 2008) The New York system, which was implemented at Auburn, is similar to the Pennsylvania system but markedly differs in that prisoners are allowed to form bonds with other prisoners. Prisoners were afforded the opportunity to interact with each other while working and they were also allowed to eat meals together. Under this model, socialization and relationships were not seen as an enemy of punishment instead, relationships and socialization were seen as that which was inevitable. Under the New York system, prisoners were assigned separate cells where they slept.Generally, this was the only form of isolation allowed under the New York system. Although there seemed to be less rigidity than that of the Pennsylvani a system, rules were strictly enforced. (Haslam, 2008) During World War II, the United States created prisoner of war camps at the request of the British allies who were ineffective to house large number of captives. During this period, numerous prisoners of war who happened to be of German and Italian nationality were housed on American military bases and were forced to provide prison labor.The POWs were enured in much the same way as modern prisoners are treated. The Prisoners were required to work while being held on the military installation and were expected to adhere to all prison camp policies. Since World War II, the prison system in the United States has grown tremendously. A somewhat foreseeable pull up stakes of this growth has been the evolution of prison labor. Prisoners throughout the country work in numerous manufacturing and service industries. The growth of prison labor in the United States has come under attack by both Americans and human rights advocates around the world.Many people argue that the United States is hypocritical because it denounces Chinas use of prison labor while encouraging the privatization of prisons at home. (Hattery, 2007) Works Cited Haslam, J. (2008). Pits, Pendulums, and Penitentiaries Reframing the Detained Subject. Texas Studies In Literature and Language, 268-284. Hattery, E. S. (2007). If We Build it They Will Come Human Rights Violations and the Prison Industrial Complex 1 . Societies Without Borders 2, 273 288.

Explain How Observations of Babies, Children and Young People Contribute to Planning.

Explain how observations of babies, children and young plenty contribute to planning. What are observations? An observation is a piece of ready in which the childs words and actions are recorded in great detail. This childs actions are then analyzed by the practician. It is some looking and listening to children. A bit like being a scientist we collect information or data process it and draw up conclusions from it. (Class lead out)An important part of a practitioners role is recording a Childs development and behaviour. Their are several reasons why early years practitioners slip away records and assessments of babies and children. To check a Childs general development Routine checks are important for detecting and diagnosing any problems earl on. This could be done but the help and living of a health visitor etc. To see if the child is progressingAssessments are regularly made to ensure that the children are progressing, not only in overall areas but specifically personal things as each child whitethorn not be as strong at a certain radical like the other but they are both none the less improving. To help planning Observations and assessments should be used when planning activities for example if a practitioner observes a lack of physical development then they could decide on doing some throwing and catching exercises. Practitioners need to keep track of every pupil and their exceptional needs.Children suffer different strengths and weaknesses. So the practitioner must locate these and help the child for example after a couple of assessments a child may show that their language skills arent as great as they could be so a practitioner may refer hem to a spoken communication therapist or plan some activities that would encourage the child to talk and interact a bit more with others. The practitioner needs to report rear to the parents and other fellow practitioners. This is simply because the parents need to know how their child is progressing an d whether or not they need extra help.They tell fellow practitioners so they can overly observe the child and work towards helping them. Their are many different professionals who can observe a child these are Educational physiologist Child shrink Family doctor Speech therapist Play therapist Health visitor 1998 Data Protection Act The data protection act came into force in March 2000. It states anyone processing personal information needs to register with the data protection commission. Anyone who registers must comply with the 8 enforceable principles or a favourable practice. ConfidentialityThis is an important issue on keeping records on children. The records and any information can only be used for the best interest of the child. The records should be stored safely and only appropriate staff and other professionals have access to them. This means parents can never be given information about other peoples children. Observing the child is so you can find their stage of de velopment, their likes and dislikes and their strengths and weaknesses. Assessing a child is when you carry out specific activity to see whether they have improved on a certain area or if they are doing well overall.

My Mother

This essay is more or less how a perfect begin construes bid to me. People say that the perfect arrest does non exist, I in reality dont know if that is true, notwithstanding what I do know is that my mother is perfect for me. Everything in my mother is special the vogue she dresses, the authority she speaks, the way she behaves etc. Somehow they be a partially of you, a part of your world, your heart. For me that is my mother. Her congressman calms me down. When he leaves for business trips, I note like a part of me is missing. When he calls me to say hello, he feeds perpetuallyything break down in a second.Just the start of her voice is what I need from time to time. She is very good with haggling and almost knows what you want to hear when you argon sad. The picture of my mother leave ever fade away from my mind. Her curly brown hair with white strands end-to-end make her look younger than she is. She stands at 55 and weighs 145Ibs. She has smoky antique eyes that glow when the sun comes up. Her eyes sparkle and change colour depending on her mood. Her eyes and her smile light up my world. Her style of clothing is a little different from other mothers, alone I love that approximately her.She doesnt let anyone change her mind. She neer wears heels because she hates becometing dressed up but her favorite shoes of all time are Nike shocks. Being a writer explains her love for book and literary works in general. She loves telling stories especially closely her childhood and past experiences which she is really good at. She puts her heart and soul into whatsoever she writes. She has a hard time cover her feelings because of past experiences, but when she writes stories she evidences it. Its her way to express herself.Writing is her way of making her feel better and a way to express herself as a individual. Her voice is being heard on paper. My mother is a fantastic cook. You will constantly find her in the kitchen making some so rt of desert. I always used to help her make monkey bread as a little girl. She would always flavor like honey and maple syrup. When I was a little girl, I would always cerebrate when she used to tuck me into bed and kiss me goodbye I could always smell maple syrup on her. I love that smell. Even twenty atomic number 23 years later, the smell has never disappeared.She has the same smell that lingers off of her that brings endure so many great memories for me. My mother is the kind of person that does not show her feelings a lot. She keeps her feelings to herself sometimes but when she gets the chance to show us, its the great feeling in the world. She may not kiss or hug us all the time but I always know that she loves us unconditionally. When she does hug us, I feel cordially and loved. She doesnt judge what we have make in the past or what we might do she teaches us lessons that will help us make the serious choices in life.She is the one who is always thither for me. If I am having a bad day or undecomposed need someone to talk too, she is the prototypal person I run too. She isnt just my mom but she is my best friend. She knows me instead and out. I get most of my looks from my mom which isnt so bad because my mom is beautiful intimate and out. I am so lucky that my son has her for a nanna because he will have a great role model to look up to when he gets older. They say you will never forget the person you first laid eyes on. Without them you feel lost and not yourself. Somehow they are a part of you, a part of your world, your heart.My MotherThis essay is about how a perfect mother looks like to me. People say that the perfect mother does not exist, I actually dont know if that is true, but what I do know is that my mother is perfect for me. Everything in my mother is special the way she dresses, the way she speaks, the way she behaves etc. Somehow they are a part of you, a part of your world, your heart. For me that is my mother. Her voice c alms me down. When he leaves for business trips, I feel like a part of me is missing. When he calls me to say hello, he makes everything better in a second.Just the sound of her voice is what I need from time to time. She is very good with words and almost knows what you want to hear when you are sad. The picture of my mother will ever fade away from my mind. Her curly brown hair with white strands throughout make her look younger than she is. She stands at 55 and weighs 145Ibs. She has smoky gray eyes that glow when the sun comes up. Her eyes sparkle and change colors depending on her mood. Her eyes and her smile light up my world. Her style of clothing is a little different from other mothers, but I love that about her.She doesnt let anyone change her mind. She never wears heels because she hates getting dressed up but her favorite shoes of all time are Nike shocks. Being a writer explains her love for book and literature in general. She loves telling stories especially about her childhood and past experiences which she is really good at. She puts her heart and soul into whatever she writes. She has a hard time showing her feelings because of past experiences, but when she writes stories she shows it. Its her way to express herself.Writing is her way of making her feel better and a way to express herself as a person. Her voice is being heard on paper. My mother is a fantastic cook. You will always find her in the kitchen making some sort of desert. I always used to help her make monkey bread as a little girl. She would always smell like honey and maple syrup. When I was a little girl, I would always remember when she used to tuck me into bed and kiss me goodbye I could always smell maple syrup on her. I love that smell. Even twenty five years later, the smell has never disappeared.She has the same smell that lingers off of her that brings back so many great memories for me. My mother is the kind of person that does not show her feelings a lot. She keeps her feelings to herself sometimes but when she gets the chance to show us, its the greatest feeling in the world. She may not kiss or hug us all the time but I always know that she loves us unconditionally. When she does hug us, I feel warm and loved. She doesnt judge what we have done in the past or what we might do she teaches us lessons that will help us make the right choices in life.She is the one who is always there for me. If I am having a bad day or just need someone to talk too, she is the first person I run too. She isnt just my mom but she is my best friend. She knows me instead and out. I get most of my looks from my mom which isnt so bad because my mom is beautiful inside and out. I am so lucky that my son has her for a grandma because he will have a great role model to look up to when he gets older. They say you will never forget the person you first laid eyes on. Without them you feel lost and not yourself. Somehow they are a part of you, a part of your world, your heart. My MotherThis essay is about how a perfect mother looks like to me. People say that the perfect mother does not exist, I actually dont know if that is true, but what I do know is that my mother is perfect for me. Everything in my mother is special the way she dresses, the way she speaks, the way she behaves etc. Somehow they are a part of you, a part of your world, your heart. For me that is my mother. Her voice calms me down. When he leaves for business trips, I feel like a part of me is missing. When he calls me to say hello, he makes everything better in a second.Just the sound of her voice is what I need from time to time. She is very good with words and almost knows what you want to hear when you are sad. The picture of my mother will ever fade away from my mind. Her curly brown hair with white strands throughout make her look younger than she is. She stands at 55 and weighs 145Ibs. She has smoky gray eyes that glow when the sun comes up. Her eyes sparkle and change colors depe nding on her mood. Her eyes and her smile light up my world. Her style of clothing is a little different from other mothers, but I love that about her.She doesnt let anyone change her mind. She never wears heels because she hates getting dressed up but her favorite shoes of all time are Nike shocks. Being a writer explains her love for book and literature in general. She loves telling stories especially about her childhood and past experiences which she is really good at. She puts her heart and soul into whatever she writes. She has a hard time showing her feelings because of past experiences, but when she writes stories she shows it. Its her way to express herself.Writing is her way of making her feel better and a way to express herself as a person. Her voice is being heard on paper. My mother is a fantastic cook. You will always find her in the kitchen making some sort of desert. I always used to help her make monkey bread as a little girl. She would always smell like honey and ma ple syrup. When I was a little girl, I would always remember when she used to tuck me into bed and kiss me goodbye I could always smell maple syrup on her. I love that smell. Even twenty five years later, the smell has never disappeared.She has the same smell that lingers off of her that brings back so many great memories for me. My mother is the kind of person that does not show her feelings a lot. She keeps her feelings to herself sometimes but when she gets the chance to show us, its the greatest feeling in the world. She may not kiss or hug us all the time but I always know that she loves us unconditionally. When she does hug us, I feel warm and loved. She doesnt judge what we have done in the past or what we might do she teaches us lessons that will help us make the right choices in life.She is the one who is always there for me. If I am having a bad day or just need someone to talk too, she is the first person I run too. She isnt just my mom but she is my best friend. She know s me instead and out. I get most of my looks from my mom which isnt so bad because my mom is beautiful inside and out. I am so lucky that my son has her for a grandma because he will have a great role model to look up to when he gets older. They say you will never forget the person you first laid eyes on. Without them you feel lost and not yourself. Somehow they are a part of you, a part of your world, your heart.

A Great Man

January 4, 1643 is the time when our great mathematician and physicist, Isaac newton, was born. His hometown was Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England. His father was a noble farmer but regrettably he died before Isaac newton was born. After his fathers death, his m some opposite was married again, thus he was left with his grandparents custody. He went to Cambridge University to take away in 1661. During that grade, he became interested in various fields including mathematics. He was also become interested in optics, astronomy and physics but in 1665 a plague epidemic came in the University that forces Newton to go back to his hometown.During his 2 years in Cambridge, he already thought about gravity and in fact began to study optics and mathematics particularly calculus. After the plague, he returned to Cambridge. He became a second Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. In 1668, he made a reflecting orbit which attracts the attention of the scientific community and eventually he became a member of the famous Royal Society. His passion in optics and science was manifested by his series of experiments in the composition of light which resulted to the discovery of the various behavior of light.He published The Opticks which consists of concepts of light and color1704. Aside from The Opticks, he also published several paper works in history, theology and alchemy. One of his greatest works is the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy). This works is all about how force and gravity were applied to all objects in the universe. In 1689, he was elected to become the MP for Cambridge University and in 1696 he became the warden of the Royal Mint in London.In 1703, he was elected as the President of the Royal Society. Before he died, he has contributed a lot of concepts, discoveries, theories and ideas on different field such as optics, physics, astronomy and mathematics. His interest in mathematics was premiere ma nifested during his undergraduate year in Cambridge University. During this time he became accustomed to various mathematical works of several mathematicians like Descartes and John Wallis. His works in mathematics include the consequence and improvement of the so called binominal theorem.Newton was not first to discover the legislation ((a + b) n) behind the binomial theorem. In fact an Islamic mathematician namely al-Karaji made a binomial coefficient table up to n=5. Also, another Muslim mathematician namely Omar Khayyam established a method of finding nth roots using the binomial expansion. Also in Europe, a century ago, Blaise Pascal has presented his concepts of how to generate binomial coefficients. Those discoveries by various mathematicians, including Pascal, were only applicable to positive values of n.Newton on the other hand, discovered the formula for (a+b)n that would work for any real. He arrived at this formula (a+b)n = an + nan-1b + n(n-1)an-2b2 / 2 + n(n-1)(n-2)a n-3b3 / 3 + . . . + bn His finding about the binomial expansion was for values of n element of the interval (-1, 1), the formula (a+b)n generates an infinite, converging series. Newtons discovery of binomial expansion/series was a great help in calculative pi ( ). As we all know, a binomial series recurs repeatedly which becomes a very useful instrument for mathematical analysis.The method of fluxions was Newtons greatest discovery in calculus. In 1671, two years before Leibnitz established his own concepts about calculus, Newton started to study fluxions which is basically include concepts, notations and ideas on Calculus. His works on calculus was well established during 1665 in which he presented symbolisms for partial derivatives which is now an important method in calculus. The idea of binomial theorem and cognition about infinite series gave Newton a solid idea on derivatives and integrals of functions.As a result of his studies, he showed that integral and derivatives can be express as a binomial expansion of infinite series particularly the power series. Newton discussed and solved problem using Method of fluxions. The problems include speciality of algebraic function, integration of algebraic functions using inverse method, first-order differential equations, optimization problem which includes the locating the maxima and minima of a given function and lastly drawing suntan line of functions at any point. Moreover, with the concern of fluxion, Newton developed a geometric idea of first and last ratio of lines.In 1660, Newton became interested to study the nature of light and vision. In fact because of his fascination on light, he actually stared directly on the sun and poked the sides of his eyeballs by a small injure to observe activities and behavior of light and which risked blinding himself. These kinds of wild experiments and other sensible unmatcheds gave way to the formulation of theories about nature, behavior of the spectrum of light. Furthermore, Newton made its great pass over in the scientific serviceman when he published his New Theory about Light and Colors in the Royal Societys journal.As a result of his various experiments, he forced to conclude that Light is a heterogeneous mixture of refrangible rays meaning light is not a homogenous entity. When he passed a white light on a glass prism, he observed that spectrum of colors were formed in opposite walls which explained the property of light cognize as refraction. In line with the study of optics, he constructed a reflecting telescope, the first, to overcome the distortions of chromatic dispersion. One of his greatest sections in the field of physics was his Law of familiar Gravitation.Isaac Newton made a comparison of the moon acceleration to the objects acceleration on dry land. He believed that gravitational forces were accountable for the acceleration of each other. He made a vital conclusion that gravity depends mainly on distance. From his comp arison, he concluded that the gravitational force of loss leader between the Earth and other objects is inversely proportional to distance between the center of the earth and the object. In other words, if the object is near the center of the earth, the gravitational force of attraction is high and vise versa.But there are other factors, aside from distance that affects the magnitude of the gravitational force. Newton knew that mass is the other factor that affects the gravity or acceleration of an object. Another important conclusion was drawn and that the gravitational force exerted by the earth on the object is directly proportional to the mass of the object. Newtons law of universal gravitation was applied outside earth, hence gravity is really universal. With this finding, Newton was included in the gravity hall of fame. Also, with the aid of Law of Universal Gravitation, the three laws of motion were formulated.The formulation of these three laws, particularly the second law of motion allows numerical computations of how velocity changes when force acts on it. Newton left several manuscripts and paper works about alchemy and chemistry. Most of these were part of books, bibliographies, dictionaries and many other sources however we could count in our fingers the original one from them. He began his experiments in 1669. He wanted to know the truth about alchemical obscurity and mysticism and the nature of and structure of all matter that he believed that God created all of these.Newtons notable section on chemistry is his publication of an incomplete theory of chemical force. One of his written works is Opticks, which is first written in English. This was his most remarkable works on theories in light and color. In Opticks, he proved and explained through experiment and logical cerebrate and which includes numerous axioms, theorems, propositional statements and lots of definitions. He integrated his mathematical reasoning in his works and eventually Opt icks turned out to be the basis of all data-based physics.The Opticks contained findings that light like sound is composed of waves. He obtained several criticisms from other scientist like Robert Hooke and Christian Huygens. But Newton insisted that light was composed of discrete particles that break down in straight lines. Furthermore, Newton combined the ideas that light is a particle and at the same time a wave. Again, from this result he received criticisms from Hooke and other scientists. Principia, his most remarkable, notable work and considered his masterpiece was divided in three books.The first book of the Principia contains eight definitions and three axioms. The three axioms were later known as the Three Laws of Motion. These laws were the main parts of Book I of Principia and in fact all discussions of Newton in his Book I were based on these. In the Book II of Principia, he tacked motion of fluids and other bodies. On this book, he questioned Descartes and Kepler ide as about the vortex theory. In his Book III which was subtitled the System of the World, he showed how he arrived on his famous Law of Universal Gravitation.The Principia was considered the most influential and greatest scientific piece during Newtons era. His laws of motion and universal gravitation were his two most popular discoveries but Newton still believes that there is a supreme being that governs and makes these phenomena possible and that is God. Newton was a religious mortal. In fact he has written more on religion than in natural science. As a summary, Newton was a remarkable scientist in the history of the world making remarkable scientific advancements and discoveries in mathematics, physics, astronomy, optics, alchemy, chemistry and even in the religion.In mathematics, he contributed a lot of ideas on analytical geometry, algebra and calculus. His discovery of the binomial formula and method of fluxions were very significant in the advancement of various topics in ma thematics. In physics, astronomy and optics, he made several findings and discoveries like the theories of light, Universal gravitation, laws of motion, ideas on fluid mechanics and invention of reflecting telescope. His book, Opticks, became the basis of many experiments in physics because of the employment of scientific method in his own experiments.Newton also has some contribution in alchemy and chemistry although some written works were in question. Newton was a great mathematician, a great physicist, a great astronomer and a great believer of God. Although all his works were scientific, he did deny the existence of a divine being. He was really a religious person and I think this was the reason why Sir Isaac Newton was successful in his career. We owed a lot to Newton so let us thanked him for his great contribution in humanity. Work Cited Hatch, Robert A. 1999. Sir Isaac Newton. 1 December 2007, . Henderson, Tom. 2007. Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation. 1 December 2007, . Newton, Sir Isaac. 1 December 2007, . Sir Isaac Newtons Invention of the Calculus Fluxions and Infinite Series. 1 December 2007, . Smoller, Laura. June 2001. Applications Web-Based Precalculus. 1 December 2007 http//ualr. edu/lasmoller/newton. html .

Persuasion Theory Essay

One of the most deeply-debated, and researched, models of persuasion is the ELM (Elaboration Likelihood Model). Developed by short and Cacioppo (1981 to 1986). Based on cognitive processes, it portrays producers as active participants in the persuasion process. Receivers produce cognitions ( aspects, elaborations) in response to the stimulus of persuasive discourse (Stephenson Benoit Tschida 2001). Petty and Cacioppo point there are two routes to persuasion central and peripheral.The central route to persuasion consists of thoughtful consideration of the arguments (ideas, content) in the message, and occurs only when a receiver possesses two the motivation and ability to think about the message and topic. The peripheral route occurs when the receiver lacks ability and/or motivation to engage in much thought on the issue. Using the peripheral route, the listener decides whether to agree with the message based on other cues besides the strength of the arguments in the message, such as whether the fountain is credible or attractive, the military issue (but not the quality) of arguments in the message, or length of the message. Petty and Cacioppo argue that subjects produce more favorable cognitive responses to messages with strong than bleached arguments. Mitigating factors include source credibility, the state of the recipients thinking when the message is received, and method and medium commitd to deliver the message (i. e. , verbal or pen print or electronic), There is a considerable body of work, both pro and against the ELM. However, from the literature it seems we are once again left with the thought that the processes problematic substantiate yet to be rigorously tested as they relate to communication theory, let alone their effect on the domino Model.There have been relatively few rigorous tests of this assumption via path analysis or structural equation modeling (Stephenson, Benoit, Tschida). American graphic designer Katherine McCoy suggests that persuasion faculty be considered more than just trying to convince an audience of the senders intention The receivers motivation might also be an important factor. We know persuasion is necessary for distracted, wanton users. But it can also increase productivity for motivated users, for instance, through the use of prompts and cues for accurate use of spreadsheet software.In product design, persuasion/seduction can clarify operation sequences for smart products and enrich the users product experience. Persuasion provides motivation for those unmotivated through disinterest, unfamiliarity with the content, or lack of competence for a software tool or a products operation. There is a decomposable interaction between the senders intentions, message content, the audience/receivers motivations and the communications context. Here, the receivers motivation is paramount (McCoy, 2000).But how accurately can we predict motivation? An airport monitor would seem to be purely informati onal. A traveler hurrying to catch a plane is exceedingly motivated and will make full use of the flight monitor no need to persuade this audience member. But when a driver in a hurry encounters a stop sign, that driver has a low motivation level. Although the content is informational, the driver may ignore it, making only a rolling stop. Thirdly, what happens when a junk food enthusiast encounters a food package with nutritional information?This audience member has low motivation and probably ignores message content completely. In order to achieve persuasion, an audience has to be motivated to want to absorb knowledge, change attitude and, in turn, have their demeanor affected. The American Marketing Association found that after a study of the major persuasion theories to date, no single theory or framework that has been highly-developed has been able to account for both the varied and sometimes conflicting persuasion findings.Presumably, this is because the complex process o f persuasion is intricately dependent on a unnumberable of contextual, situational, and individual difference factors, whereas the theories cover relatively simplistic and narrowly developed. The inability of existing theories to accommodate all persuasion findings need not suggest, however, that these theories are inaccurate. Rather, these theories alone may represent pieces of persuasion processes that operate in certain conditions that are not always clearly specified.(Meyers-Levy, 2001). For good measure, highlighting the difficult personality of this area of study, the Association added an additional outline that people are likely to employ in processing information. a third fundamental processing strategy in response to an advertisement, referred to as an experiential processing strategy. where judgments are not based on thoughts prompted by message content per se but quite an on sensations or feelings prompted by the very act of processing (cited in Strack, 1992).The Do mino model is certainly simplistic, as it assumes that attitudes, and then behaviour, will be neutered after information is provided. However, it doesnt recognise that attitudes are formed early in our development and are inherently difficult to change (why is it that drink-driving, anti-smoking and domestic force play programs dont seem to work? ). So it cant be assumed that all people will change their attitudes just because they receive information. In fact, m each people may not even receive knowledge from the initial message, particularly if they already have heard the message.Given the number of persuasion theories (and they are just that theories) it is difficult to judge with any certainty their effect on the Domino model. The simplicity of the Domino Model is probably a result of the fact that public relations is, for the most part, an inexact science a practice that relies on the foibles of human nature. It also flawed in that what applies to a target group, does not ne cessarily apply to all individuals in that group. Clearly, more quantifiable research is required before either the Domino Model, or any persuasion theory can be considered exact.In fact to date, no single theory or framework that has been developed has been able to account for all the varied and sometimes conflicting persuasion findings. Presumably, this is because the complex process of persuasion is intricately dependent on a myriad of contextual, situational, and individual difference factors, whereas the theories remain relatively simplistic and narrowly developed (Meyers-Levy, 1999). As Carl Hovland stated to change attitude you have to change opinion. That requires communication. Whether any of the above theories affect the Domino model remain to be truly tested.

America’s Failing War on Drugs and the Culture of Incarceration

For over a century, America has waged a failing war on medicines even as it feeds a cultural apathetic and underground acceptance of do drugs and alcohol social occasion. The witnesss of the dominate group have placed blame on societys ills on the evils of rampant drug use throughout the bygone few hundred years, which have given way to a practice of outlawing , persecution, and imprisonment.Such a view has led to the overflow of our produces prisons, the race to build even more, and need to fund a culture of imprisonment that has a onerous fourth dimension in trying to figure out if it wants to assistant the addicted person, or continue to try and fund a gluttonous prison machine. We will enumerate at around of the causes for the failed war on drugs, and approximately of the consequences if our society continues to ignore the need to help the addict, or simply lock them away.Americas failing War on do drugss and the Culture of Incarceration America has always had an und erlying culture of drug use with even many of the harder drugs, manage cocaine and heroin, be legal up into the early 1900s, and drugs like methamphetamine and MDMA, or ecstasy, being legal well into the 20th century. Even champion of the most invasive drugs of our culture, alcohol, is astray advertised and repeln to be a norm of American culture, and prescription drugs like Vicodin and Oxycontin are apply by millions leg bothy every day (Brecher, E. M. , n. d. ).However, part alcohol as been able to enjoy its place as an accepted part of the American lifestyle, drug use of the illicit kind has been steadily demonized, immoralized, and used as a means to lock in an ever growing return of slew, most often minorities and the poor who are un impressive to afford outside representation. (Steiker, C. S. 2011) It has created an patience and culture of incarceration dependant on keeping certain drugs illegal, and drug use a felonious criminal act, as those in the industry of expression prisons and providing prison services, along with many in law enforcement, continue to lobby state and federal government to keep up overzealous laws on drug use, even laws on drugs proven to be less dangerous than alcohol, such as marijuana, which have come to be quite profitable to all involved.The close of the hassle with this unsuccessful war on drugs includes millions of non violent offenders losing parts of their lives, many sentenced to terms in the tens of years under mandatory sentencing, some simply for no more a heinous crime as first time possession of a small amount of marijuana or crack cocaine. The expertness to approach federal help for school as well as other federal help programs, to engage in certain basic liberties and rights afforded to all Americans by the Bill of Rights, such as the right to vote, or the right to bear arms, are taken away and either incredibly hard to get back, or all but impossible.Furthermore, even when they have finished payi ng society for their crime, they are still haunted by the deed whenever they look for black market, unable to get jobs because of felony convictions, relegating them to jobs of a good deal begin pay and status, even though they themselves may have the education and experience to fulfill jobs of a much high caliber. (McVay, D. , Schiraldi, V. , & Zeidenburg, J. 2004) This process of tough on drugs prevention and incarceration keeps the chemically dependent in a vicious cycle where, unable to get help for their addictions and help for success after paying their dues, their only outcome lies in a repetitive sequence of drug use, bigger crimes to support themselves, and longer imprisonment, in a culture of poverty and incarceration.The outcome is broken hopes, broken dreams, broken families broken individuals with broken lives. (McVay, D. Schiraldi, V. , & Zeidenburg, J. , 2004) If you are not one of these individuals, the problem extends to you in that it is your appraise dollar s exit to pay for the unsuccessful but profitable war on drugs. Prisoners do not pay for their incarceration the state and federal government does. The American tax payers pay for housing, food, clothing in both state and federal as well as private prisons, and supervision of these mostly non-violent drug offenders, both at heart and outside prison.The tax payer provides the funds for local, state, and federal law enforcement to run their stings, and train their drug dogs and sting operatives, except in the off chance that they bar a queen-size amount of drug money, or take possession of larger drug dealers properties and vehicles bought with drug money, but rarely are these items sold at value. The burden to pay falls on the state and you, the tax payer, and the state is running out of money to spend on incarcerating an ever growing number of non-violent, drug related prisoners. McVay, D. , Schiraldi, V. , & Zeidenburg, J. , 2004) THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES Causes While many drugs enjoyed a period of legalization, eventually most drugs have come to find a place as a scapegoat for many of societys ills, from poverty, unemployment and homelessness, to rape, murder, and reasons to discriminate certain races based on a stereotypical link to a certain drug. (Steiker, C. S. 2011)At one time even alcohol was a major scapegoat for societal problems, but its strong history and presence in Euro-ethnic culture made it difficult to abstain from for many, and when it was shown that prohibition did nothing to stop many of the problems attributed to it and had actually caused an increase in criminal activity and dangerous binge drinking, it was repealed after 13 years, with much celebration. (Brecher, E. M. , n. d. Accordingly in this day and age, some people are coming to the realization that simply outlawing drugs, making harsh laws to imprison or remove people who are caught in possession of illicit drugs, is doing nothing to confer to lessening any of the proble ms attributed to them. In fact, even while we see a decrease in overall crime, we can still see an increase in certain criminal drug activities meant to supply a non-declining need for narcotics, and an ever increasing schnoz that makes many law makers choose between other programs to help society, or to pay for the rising cost to lock up more and more drug offenders.However, it is still much easier to demonize a drug and the user for problems in society, and we can see that today for instance, as we deal with the problem of unemployment, and the desire of some to legalize marijuana, even for medical purposes. Legalization happens to be a position many of the 99% Occupier groups stand for, but many opponents counter that its the drug use of many of those protesters that contribute to their unemployment, and that making medical marijuana legal is just a way for them to continue to get high, but legally. (Bickman, J. , n. d. ) Consequently, many opponents also see drug use as proof f the moral decline of America, and that along with moral ills like gay marriage and abortion, contribute to the fall of our society from its once lofty heights back in the early and mid 1900s, where homosexuality and drug use were more hidden, but no less prevalent. To this we add the common practice of giving drug possession and distribution large mandatory sentences, some of which show the disparity in the dominating classs belief in certain drug use being characteristic of certain class or racial groups, or that some drugs are much more dangerous than others, even though science and common sense has told us otherwise. genius can only need to take a look at the number of people in jail and prison for marijuana, which is almost benign in its danger when compared to a legal drug such as alcohol, or the disparity in sentencing between crack cocaine and powdered cocaine that was once 100 to 1, or the same punishment for 1 gram of crack cocaine as for 100 grams of powdered cocaine, no w down to a mere 18 to 1, with the relation that crack is mostly use by the inner city African American minority, and powdered cocaine used more by the affluent, white dominant suburban group. Amar, V. D. , n. d. ) One area that is sorely underfunded, and has become a pathway to a college of criminality, is the juvenile justice system. In a 2005, five year study by the National Center on Substance Abuse at Columbia University, the report found that 1. 9 million of the 2. 4 million juveniles arrested over a 5 year period had substance abuse and addiction problems, but that only 68,600 of them received any substance abuse help.Many of those arrested were for violent crimes, so far drug use played a huge part in their behavior, and it isnt hard to take these results into the adult arena, with the finding among adults arrested who were 18 years or older, 64 percent had used drugs or alcohol when they were 17 or younger. One may correctly assume that juveniles who initiate drug and alco hol use and become arrested, and are given incarceration instead of treatment, have a greater chance of growing up to become adults who engage in criminal and drug using behavior. Brown University, 2005) Consequences The consequences of go on the past policies of the war on drug can be seen today, there is no need to wait on verification or speculation. We can see the ever increasing number of adult and juvenile offenders incarcerated for minor drug offences, as well as those receiving large sentences for other crimes where drugs were involved.We can see the cost and the burden this increasing prison population has to the state and its tax payers, and the struggle lawmakers have to either increase taxes, lower penalties for possession for drug use, or release large numbers of un-treated, chemically dependent, prison taught and economically disadvantaged prisoners because they simply cannot afford to hold them any longer. Without changing the laws, addicts and other chemically depe ndent users are first convicted and then given treatment.As we already discussed in the beginning, the conviction staying on their arrest record for years, or even permanently, meaning that even after possible successful treatment, the recovering addict is still treated like a pariah when looking for work and an in-depth background check becomes part of the job seeking process. (McVay, D. , Schiraldi, V. , & Zeidenburg, J. , 2004)Without any help or hope, the convicted and untreated addicts only outlook is a continuing life of drug use, and criminal activity to support them.In states like Kentucky, that have seen an increase in its prison population quadruple over the past two decades, looking into new programs that would have offenders volunteer to enter a six to nine month treatment program in jail, rather than a one to two year program in prison that usually carries a five to ten year sentence along with it, would save the state tax payers millions of dollars a year. In Kentucky alone, it costs $500 million dollars a year to house some 22,000 prisoners, 80 percent of them being non-violent drug offenders.The state, like most others, has seen a steady rise in incarcerations with one in 31 Americans behind bars, when Twenty-five years ago, the number was 1 in 77. (Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly, 2009) Still, even with such approaches meant to curb the costs of incarcerating convicted addicts, the fact remains that little is being done to reduce the number of people being convicted in the first place, although the offering of more resources to people who are in their first phases of being caught up by law enforcement due to their addictions is a more effective way to start. Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly, 2010) Every year it becomes more and more evident, that our countries failing war on drugs and its policy to want to simply incarcerate those to mandatory sentences for even non-lethal drug such as marijuana, the rising cost to investigate, arrest, persecute and house a population of people who show no signs of sedate drug use decline, can only mean that newer policies to treat the addicted, rather than lock them away, are the right way to go if our country wants to fix the problem of our ever increasing culture of incarceration. (McVay, D. , Schiraldi, V. , & Zeidenburg, J. , 2004)

Merge of American Airlines and Us Airways Essay

The buzz in the airline industry in February 2013 was all about the potential merger between American Airlines and US Airways since that would make the merged company the number one airline in the industry globally. Despite the some cynical comments veteran investors hold for investing in the airline industry, which will be mentioned below, as well as the unforeseen lawsuit being thrown at their way, it is an investment that is strongly suggests a lucrative investment in the long run. First of all, the potential profitability of the merger could be foreseen by reviewing past cases of airlines mergers such as the merge between united Airlines and Continental Airlines as well as Delta Airlines and Northwest Airlines. Delta Airlines and Northwest Airlines merged in 2008 and United Airlines an zero(preno(prenominal)inal)nced their merger with Continental Airlines 2 years subsequent in 2010. Delta was not profitable right off the bat after their merger but took them a few years to tur n things around rapprochement with the economical situation and anele prices. Most pros consider the industry untouchable because the airlines have historically operated irrationally and have always been at the mercy of oil prices, unions and new competition(Feinberg, 2013) but then again Feinberg says that United, Delta as well as US Airways have been making money for the past three years and may achieve record profits in 2013 (Feinberg, 2013).Post merger of United Airlines and Continental Airlines, the parent company of United Airlines, one of the worlds largest carriers, reported a $448 million quarterly net loss, pressured by high fuel costs and expenses related to problems integrating some operations of United in its merger with Continental Airlines(2012). But the problems appear to be largely over. So far this year, United shares are up 22%, the S&P ergocalciferol Index is up 14.5% and Delta shares are up 66%. No doubt, Smisek seeks room to grow (Reed, 2013). United is also l ooking to enhance their services for corporate customers by revamping its aircraft that fly from JFK to Los Angeles and San Francisco, adding flat bed seating and faster, complimentary Wi-Fi to its premium sections. American is adding state-of-the-art Boeing 777-300ER aircraft to its fleet, the largest new aircraft used by a U.S. carrier since1990. Its premium cabin has a walk-up bar stocked with snacksa first for any U. S. airline, the company boasts (Fickenscher, 2013). Another crucial factor that indicates sustainable growth are the modest skills A new American Airlines combining US Airways is fortunate to have US Airways CEO Doug Parker at the helm, because he appears to understand not just the soft and bolts of merging logistics systems but also the human process of ego suppression. This would be the second time his smaller airline has merged with (taken over, some would say) a larger one, and the second time he has let go of the identity of the enterprise he built (HBS Work ing Knowledge at Forbes, 2013). Creating an executive management squad that is functioning well as a strong team is crucial to an M&A situation. They also need to have a clear imagination of the company in order to overcome all the minor speed bumps they will inevitably go through with the merger. Currently, American Airlines and US Airways are facing on going lawsuits against the US Justice department. Depending on the outcome of this lawsuit, American Airlines will either move on with their original merger plan or if blocked, then they would have to reorganize a new plan while operating in bankruptcy.ReferencesFeinberg, Andrew. 2013. News Flash Airlines Soar. Kiplingers Personal Finance 67, no. 7 38. Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2013).2012. United Continentals Loss Widens, but Less Than Expected. New York Times, April 27. 4.Regional Business News, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2013).Reed, Ted. 2013. No wonder Uniteds CEO Is Buying United Sto ck. Forbes,com, September 1. Accessed September 15, 2013. http//www.forbes.com/sites/tedreed/2013/09/01/no-wonder-uniteds-ceo-is-buying-united-stock/.Fickenscher, Lisa. 2013. Mergers put biz travelers in first class. Crains New York Business 29, no. 27 3. Regional Business News, EBSCOhost (accessedSeptember 15, 2013).2013. Big Deal Reflections on the American and US Airways Megamerger. Forbes.com 10. February 19. Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15,2013).

Donahoo Western Furnishing Company Essay

1. What did Donahoos balance sheet look wish well at the outset of the firms life?According to the text, at the start of the business, all of the firms capital was held in cash. This is represented by the $1,500,000 in cash current assets, which we provide see are comprised of a $500,000 long-term loan and $1,000,000 in equity.2. What did the firms balance sheet look like after each transaction?In the following balance sheet, we see that cash has been reduced by $500,000 that went towards the new $1,000,000 in neckcloth. The remaining $500,000 was financed by a short-term payable.In the conterminous balance sheet, we can see that inventory decreased by $200,000 but that accounts payable increased by $250,000. Thus, retained profits increased by $50,000.On Jan. 15, Donahoo increased inventory by $200,000 adding this value to short-term liabilitiesHere, we see inventory decrease $400,000 but other current assets increased $500,000 (with $50,000 going in to cash and $450,000 into A/R). preferably than moving the $100,000 to retained earnings, the company used $100,000 in cash to pay a dividend. The company past took an additional $250,000 from cash and paid down long-term debt3. Ignoring taxes, determine how much income Donahoo earned during January. Prepare an income narration for the month. Recognize an interest expense of 1 percent for the month (12 percent annually) on the $500,000 long-term debt, which has not been paid but is owed.Unfortunately, the data that is provided does not include the operating expenses for January 2011 for the Donahoo Western Furnishings Company. Therefore, we can see what the make Profit is before Operating Expenses. That is, this number is overstated and would likely be dramatically reduced formerly Operating Expenses were included. The graph on the right represents an illustration of what the furniture companys real next income might be (i.e. operating income was estimated, incorporating rent, utilities, salaries, etc.) .

Final Case Study

No l In Team Team members Jazzmen Robinson, ROR Rousakis, Antenatal Karma, Allen Wang MGM 300 Team Dynamics and Managerial depth psychology Golden Gate University Case Overview The case looks at a fellowship called Support. Com that specializes in technology mount. The company Is roughly 1 1 days old and provides other companies, such as Compact, technical support to their customers with purchased products.All employees of the company work remotely from home, while the corporate location as a large component in Redwood City. Support. Com irritates that it is no longer a startup company, however, in many ways the maturity date of its administration points otherwise. Jazzmen Robinson, a 2013 graduate from USAF with a background in Communication Studies (also a squad member of No l In Team), experienced the low-level administrative abilities in Support. Comas human resources department. She was leased in as a Temporary Contract Recruiting Coordinator in the fall of 2013.From Cay mans initial perspective, the HER team appeared to be functioning Just fine, but this was definitely not the case as time revealed. The HER Director, by the promise of Erik, was the mall cause of many problems that manifested In the department. Erik was employed for 7 years with the company, several of those years as the Director of HER. Erik had a background In Nonverbal Communication, as well as many years of experience in HER. Nonetheless, her inabilities to lead the HER team became quite

Jonathon Livingston Seagull Essay

1. The fictional book, Jonathon Livingston Seagull written by Richard Bach, sold e trulywhere a million copies during its debut in 1970 and stayed on The new(a) York Times Top Ten appoint for 38 weeks in a row. The history focuses on Jonathon the seagulls passion for flying and his legal opinion that there is more to hearttime than scavenging for food. Bach explores the idea that there is more to this life than what meets the eye and the native satisfaction you receive when doing something you be great at and have a passion for. 2. The setting of this story takes place on some sea shore where thousands of seagulls hot. The sea shore setting described in the book really helps to paint a picture of what Jonathon and this flock of seagulls experienced daily, It was morning, and the new sun sparkled favourable across the ripples of a gentle sea.(Bach pg 3)3. Jonathon Livingston Seagull is the protagonist in this story with his strong drive and persistence to be different fr om the flock and to be his own seagull. The antagonists in the story are the Elders of the flocks of seagulls because they are very closed mined leaders and they force Jonathon and other seagulls to be outcast from society and ban them to a life of isolation and despair. Chiang was an Elder Gull that taught Jonathon very specialized flying techniques and improved his skills and taught him things just about life. When Jonathon was outcast from the gull fraternity everyone in the community thought that Jonathon was a reckless and irresponsible seagull, so when Jonathon finally returned to the community and everyone saw how amazing his flying skills were they changed their minds and many of them asked to be taught by Jonathon himself which was breaking the gull community law, This is an example of foil characters. His thought was triumph. Terminal velocity A seagull at two deoxycytidine monophosphate and fourteen miles per hours It was a breakthrough, the greatest single moment in the history of the flock, and in that moment a new age opened for Jonathon Gull. (pg 16-17)4. The plot of this story is a impostal plot type. The story ends with the be words of his Jonathons teacher, Keep working on love. Through his teachings, Jonathan understands that the spirit cannot be really go off without the ability to forgive, and that the way to progress leads for him, at least through becoming a teacher, not full through working hard as a student. So, if any seagull believes that it is free to do what it wants to, it becomes Jonathan the seagull, for whom, possibilities were endless. both law is an illusion. Once we become conscious of this, our existence traces a new meaning. a. The biggest conflict was Jonathon going against the norm of the seagull community and ultimately getting expelled from the community for his irresponsible acts. For his reckless irresponsibility, Violating the dignity and tradition of the Gull family. (pg 24) b. The situation at the end where Jonathon returned to the breakfast seagull flock was significant because it demonstrated tenderness and compassion. These gulls hated Jonathon and wanted nothing to do with him and yet he still had the courage to forgive them and veritable(a) teach them how to fly like he does. You have to practice to see the real gull, the good in every one of them, and help them to see it in themselves.(pg 89)5. -This book was definitely one of the more invigorate books that made me think out of the box that I have read in quite some time. For example, I really liked one of the messages that implied that if you want to have a fulfilling happy meaningful life you need to stop following the crowd and make your own path even if there are consequences. If you find something that you are good at and enjoy doing stick with it and master it and watch how it will puzzle out you life. -This story uplifted my spirits and motivated my behavior change in several ways. For example, Jonathon Livingsto n Seagull is a great example to me because not only does he go against the norm and try to learn everything about his passion in life, he also learns forgiveness and compassion for the other seagulls of the community and wants to teach them how to live a wonderful life.I have noticed in my life that I am closely happy when I have found something that I love to do and also when I am helping others find that same thing or serving them in some manner and I think Jonathon mastered this aspect of true charity. You have to practice to see the real gull, the good in every one of them, and help them to see it in themselves.(pg 89) 6. In conclusions the book had both strong and woebegone contributing factors. The strong factors were that it had a very unique, interesting story line that kept the reader concerned enough to keep reading. Bach also used implied messages of inspiration and important values in this life which in my opinion was very cool and had a strong plot.Some of the weak fa ctors were that the book more or less needed to be read straight through in one sitting to really get the message and make sense. It was not very challenging to read which could be good and bad. The setting was not very descriptive, it basically just took place either in the air or on the sea shore. I think the proper age group for this book would be late high naturalize students and college students and even young adults. Richard Bach impacted me by creating a plot and story line that delivers a messages that anything is possible in life as long as you want it enough and practice at it thus, I am now interested in making some changes in my life.Works CitedBack, Richard. Jonathon Livingston Seagull. New York Scribner, 1970.

African American and Conflicting Perspective Essay

Every individual has a office on things in demeanor and their personal idea of the truth. These are universal concepts and are widely crackn in ted Hughes verse forms natal day Letters. natal day earn is a set of numberss, said to have been written by Hughes for six years introductory to his death, on his ex wifes birthday each year this the selection of poems being called birthday letters. The selection on poems surrounds his problematic marital issues between himself and his wife Sylvia Plath. It is similarly to show the unconnected perspective on their relationship. This is mainly towards the criticism he received all those years after her self-destruction.He had been doomed for being the catalyst for her suicide/death and so began a collection of poems regarding their relationship just in some appearance, excusing himself and explaining that she was already on a destructive path. Through two of his poems, Fulbright scholars and the shot, an understanding of the poems have impel lighten the concepts of conflicting perspectives. Two other complementary texts such as letters from two jima and to polish a mocking darn convey conflicting perspectives however on issues such as racial secernment and the perspectives of an opposing country that has been marked as enemies.Fulbright scholars are the first poem in the birthday letters collection. Hughes here tries to remember how he met her and first know of her existence. He does this whilst feeling at a scenery that was taken at university, when he was a naive young man. He ponders about her throughout the poem trying hard to delve into his psyche hopelessly to recollect something about her when they met at a party. This good deal be noted by the quote were you among them? which refers to the picture of Fulbright scholar.In terms of conflicting perspectives, the e poem can too be seen as a text that he wrote implicating how difficult it is t retort that first meeting, however he begins to explai n his perspective of Sylvia Plath. He says your exaggerated American grin for the cameras which referred to her as someone with false appearances. The various techniques Hughes used to convey his ideas were the use of rhetorical questions such as were you among them? , the repetitions of the watchword maybe and the use of the I persona, and metaphors such as the first fresh peach.Rhetorical questions he used as a means of asking himself how he met her and what she first looked like to him. The metaphor palat fitting peach can be said to be another way to say she was the first missy he ever tasted, in terms of the experience of truly liking someone who seemed special to him. record is used throughout the poem of maybe can be analyzed as a way of trying to remember what he saw of her and his knowing of her existence. The I persona is an important tool in terms of Hughes alluding to the very personal nature of his reflection.The poem the shot is also one from the collection and con veys Plath as someone different to what her fans saw her to be. As he says that she was deceitful in terms of appearance of a good and decent person/poet. In the poem, the shot is a metaphor of Plath being bullet foretell out a gun. It can also e sad that Hughes thinks that he was the one shot. Hughes perspective on paths destructive path is one that she has always been on, saying that she was already a bullet long forwards she has met him.Followers of Plath as a victim view him as a catalyst for her suicide but in the poem he tries to explain that she was already suicidal as she tried to commit suicide when she was younger. The use of word daddy is one of great importance as it refers to her childish attachment to her father. This is also the title of her famous poem daddy. Hughes also explains that from his perspective, that he himself has become the father figure that she had ways been looking for. Overall, the concept of the two poems depict conflicting perspectives through an alysis of ted Hughes birthday letters.The text letters from invasion of Iwo jima is similarly to birthday letters, a conflicting perspective however of the Japanese however of the Japanese soldiers during the American invasion of to two jima in ww2. It depicts their perspective throughout the turbulent time, showing that even were still merciful beings with the same universal feelings. Clint eastwood directed the film letters from Iwo Jima in 2006, trying to show an American or non Japanese audience their side of the story or their perspective. Here, a conflicting perspective is shown. passim the film, eastwood wants us to empathise with the Japanese perspective f the same terror and emotions that the Americans felt at that time too. The main character is a young Japanese soldier called saigo who is little enthused on fighting and button to war. This is all seen through techniques eastwood input such as flashbacks- which were important in the film. The audience is then able to se e how the soldiers were like before the war and what it was like for them when they got conscripted. Their reflections are a huge part in their conflicting perspective and also a great important technique is the Japanese verbiage.Eastwood used the language to give a strong sense of ethnicity and strong sense of tradition. To kill a mocking bird written by Harper lee in 1960 conveys the conflicting perspectives of the treatment of African Americans in Alabama. This conflicting perspective is seen through the eyes of a young white girl, rather than n African American person. The text shows her view o the racial discrimination against the Negroes and the treatment, preconceived idea and violence they receive. The event takes place thats how a conflicting perspective is the court case scene, where an African American man is accused of raping a young white girl.The perspective here is not only through the girl, Scout Finch, but also her father Atticus finch which is the lawyer defendin g the accused. However he took on a case he know that with all the racial discrimination and prejudice around, he would inevitable lose. The fact that he took on the case shows a conflicting perspective of a white American man who has no prejudice against African Americans. The daughter scout finch views the situation on a different level as well(p) as she was basically raised by African American woman and didnt judge her, as many people did in Maycomb County.She begins to see and understand the prejudice and discrimination when the man is accused of attaint as the majority people did not like his race at that time. It was seen as stereotypical to goddamned him for the rape. The conflicting perspective here is that the perspective o a young white American and her family on the treatment the Negroes received. It can be said that harper lee wanted the audience to challenge their beliefs and see events from the perspective of a young child who is horrified by the treatment of the Ne groes.

A Review of Qualitative Research on Teenage Smoking Habits

A increaseiew of Qualitative Research on youngage fastb only Habits Grand Canyon University NRS-433V-O103 Introduction to Nursing Research September 20, 2012 Introduction The figure of this document is to summarize the contents of the query article, explain the research methods implemented, and offer insight on how the findings carry to nursing practice. Second, there will be an ex final causeation of ethical considerations associated with the conduct of nursing research. Finally, the source document, What Determines Teenagers Smoking Behaviour? A Qualitative Study will be attached for review. SummaryThe articles purpose was to instruction bullet de opineour among Malayan teens. The specific argonas of interest included green goddess intro, target consumption, intention to duty tour fastball, and attempts to ascertain bullet. The first stage of teen take in behavior begins with casual experimentation and is followed by the attention chassis when everyday ritual pot is present. The proximo dependence on bullet after part be predicted by the individuals actions during experimentation with stooges. Curiosity, consort pressure, and parental green goddess were all traverseed reasons that teens decided to picture cigarettes.In children less than thirteen year everyplaceaged, it was concluded that parental take played the largest role in behavior choices. This finding suggests that children are modeling the parents fastball behavior. However, older teens in secondary give lessons inform peer pressure to be the reason for choices regarding cigarettes. Seventy-four per centum of the participants reported that they pasturaged less than five cigarettes daily. This homogeneous portion or participants admitted that they messd because they experienced sensual symptoms of nicotine withdraw when they didnt smoke daily.Consumption of cigarettes in this conference was reported as a social activity among friends just mostly in secluded a reas, to stay off getting caught. Most all adolescents that were active in this deliberate reported that they had intended to chuck up the sponge heater in the future. The majority of participants had no clear plan on how they were going to stop and most had admitted to near(prenominal) failed attempts to stop smoking without supporter. Aspects to consider relationships, gymnastic involvement, wellness concerns, lack of finances, and parental concern are all reasons that would cause a teen smoker to consider take offting.The participants that were able to stop smoking had a plan and picked a specific retract date. Methods of Study This knowledge was collected and butt matchlessd through a soft education. Specifically, it involved twenty- sextuplet teens from trinity human beings aims. Twenty-thee members of this sample group were smokers while ternary of the members had stopped smoking. data was gathered through trine focus group querys, three in-depth audienc es over twenty months, and questionnaires.The questions were asked in a non-formal conversational manner with important points or answers recorded on a document designed to assess and sort culture (site). The Social Cognitive Theory was used to organize collection of information and compendium. This hypothetical framework was chosen based on the need for an explanation of teen smoking related to to individuals, heathland behaviors, and environments. The expectation is that Social Cognitive Theory would offer more insight on how these three elements would act with each other simultaneously.Contribution to Nursing Smoking tobacco continues to be maven of the top causes of preventable causes for terminal in America. There are 430,000 deaths, one point five million years of potential life story lost, and fifty billion of lost aesculapian debt related to tobacco use (Hollis, J. , Pollen, N, 2005). Nurses that identify younger clients at risk for tobacco git contribute to decli ne in morbidity related to smoking and dish in the decrease of medical debt. The younger that youth are when they start using tobacco, the more probable theyll be addicted (CDC, 20012). The take aim offers insight to nursing practice for specific tailoring of a wield plan for teens who smoke, parents who smoke, and how to target the education for renounceting. The areas that affected teens interest in abdicateting included gymnastic improvement, parents disapproval, health concerns, and lack of finances. Nurses can use the information from this study to reinforce the health promotion and benefits of world a non-smoker. The recognition of how parents affect smoking behaviors will aid the nurse in preparing education that is say at the entire family to deter childhood and teen smoking.The contribution to patient care can be seen with health promotion assessment use. The conclusions were clear about teens needing a plan to quit after they reached the maintenance phase of smoki ng. This result alerts nurses to assess smoking in younger adolescence and offer assistance with smoking cessation. good Issues First, The Research and Ethic Committee of University Kebangsaan Malaysia gave approval before the study was started. Second, The Ministry of Education Malaysia offered authorization for interviews in the school system for children who were non involved in some type of major examination.Third, all of the teens along with parents provided a written and signed consent for participation. The confidentiality of current smoking circumstance was kept intact and privacy was maintained. Lastly, at the conclusions of each interview the teens were offered smoking cession counseling at a doctors clinic. To check out reliability of the study, some(prenominal) schools were used and diverse types of data collection use. There was self-reflexivity in minimizing opinions of the researchers. Validation was offered by minimal prompting, statement clarification, and re phrasing of questions. ConclusionThe study identified factors care nicotine addiction, personal, and environmental issues that watch of smoking behaviors in teens. These areas should be of great priority when developing smoking cessation programs for teens. The Social Cognitive Theory utilized in this study is an aid that helps nurses to understand smoking behaviors in teens and how to address barriers to break those influential factors. Since this study was done in one region of Malaysia, it whitethorn not apply to all areas international of it. This was a very small study that cannot be applied to all cultures, geographic locations, and race.A better perspective would absorb been attained by selecting a wider group with random geographic location and equal gender participation. The male to female ratio for the study was unequal and this causes a shift in the standard deviation when scrutinizing the study from a statistical view. Having unequal gender enumerates could cause a type I or II error which actualizes the information not entirely reliable (Grove, S. , 2012). References Center for Disease Control. (2012, January). We can make the next generation tobacco-free. Retrieved from http//www. cdc. gov/Features/YouthtobaccoUse/ Grove, Susan K. (2012).Statistics for sousedness Care Research A Practical Workbook 1 (VitalSource Bookshelf), Retrieved from http//pageburstls. elsevier. com/books/978-1- 4160-0226-0/outline/11 Hollis, J. , Polen, M. , Whitlock, E. , Lichtenstein, E. , Mullooly, J. , Velicer, W. , & Redding, C. (2005). Teen Reach outcomes from a randomized, controlled trial of a tobacco reduction program for teens seen in primary medical care. Pediatrics, 115(4 Part 1), 981-989. Tohid, H. , Ishak, N. d. , Muhammad, N. , Hassan, H. , & Omar, K. (2011). What determines teenagers smoking behavior? A qualitative study. International Medical Journal, 18(3), 194-198. 194PSYCHIATRY Article Ititernational Medical Joumal. Vol. 18, zero(prenominal) 3 , pp. 194 198 , September 2011 What Determines Teenagers Smoking Behaviour? A Qualitative Study Hizlinda Tohid, Noriah Mohd. Ishak, Noor Azimah Muhammad, Hasliza Abu Hassan, Farah Naaz Momtaz Ahmad, Khairani Omar* ABSTRACT Objective The study aimed to search smoking behaviour among Malaysian teenagers that were related to their smoking initiation, cigarette consumption, quit intention, and quit attempts. Methods It was a qualitative study that used octuple case study design, involving 26 teenagers (23 smokers and three creator smokers) from three public schools.Data was collected via questionnaires, three focus group interviews and three in-depth interviews over 20 months, A standardised semi-structured interview protocol was utilised. Results Among the participants, 74% of them started smoking after the age of 12 years old. The majority (20/23) of the teenage smokers admitted to smoking every day and 74% of them smoked not more than 5 cigarettes a day. All of the smokers had t he intention to quit but only 22 out of the 23 teenage smokers had attempted quitting. Sixty percent of these teenagers had more than three quit attempts.In general, this study captured the complexity of the teenagers smoking behaviour that could be influenced by quaternary factors, including behavioural (e,g, nicotine addiction), personal (e,g, conception of smoking and quitting, curiosity, sensation seeking, knowledge about smoking cessation, stress, maintaining athletic performance, and finance,) and environmental (e,g, socialisation, peer pressure, parental smoking, parental disapproval, and boy- or girlfriend aversion) factors. Conclusions This study described the complex and multidimensional genius of teenage smoking behaviour.The findings in like manner correspondingly matched the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), therefore suggesting the theorys suitability in elucidating smoking behaviour among the Malaysian teenagers, KEY WORDS smoking, teenagers, smoking initiation, ciga rette consumption, quit smoking insertion Adolescence is a crucial time in which a comparatively dependent child transforms into a relatively independent adult. During this transitional end, many teenagers often experiment unsteady behaviours as a proclamation of their self-sufficiency.This risky behaviour includes cigarette smoking, using illicit drugs and cirinking alcohol. (Epps, Manley, & Glynn, 1995 Kulig, & American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on kernel Abuse, 2005) Experimenting with cigarette smoking is an initial stage of teenagers smoking behaviour before it becomes established. (Nichter, Vuckovic, Quintero, & Ritenbaugh, 1997 Seguire, & Chalmers, 2000 Curry, Mermelstein, & Sporer, 2009) This smoking initiation predicts their semipermanent tobacco use and heavier levels of dependence. (Breslau, & Peterson, 1996 Escobedo, Marcus,Holtzman, & Giovino, 1993 Chen, & Millar, 1998) Their experimenting behaviour may be influenced by various factors including curiosity, pe er pressure, parental smoking, sensation seeking, social norms for smoking, and misconception of smoking (e. g. belief that smoking provides benefits, such(prenominal) as coping, sense of belonging, style, relaxation, and coolness). (Dijk, de Nooijer, Heinrich, & de Vries, 2007 Naing et at. , 2004 Khairani, Norazua, & Zaiton, 2004 Vuckovic, Polen, & Hollis, 2003 Nichter, Vuckovic, Quintero, & Ritenbaugh, 1997) These factors could cause teenagers to continue smoking.Teenage smoking maintenance is also influenced by nicotine addiction. It has been shown to be substantially significant among teenagers even with low cigarette consumption. (The internal health and Morbidity Survey, 2009 Hammond et al. , 2008 Khairani, Norazua, & Zaiton, 2004 Naing et al. , 2004 DiFranza et at. , 2007 Balch et al. , 2004 Amos, Wiltshire, Haw, & McNeill, 2006) This may be due to a very rapid loss of autonomy over tobacco even with minimal exposure to nicotine in adolescents, as demonstrated by the crest less wave study. (DiFranza et al. , 2007 DiFranza et al. , 2002)Consequently, majority of teenage smokers struggle to quit smoking. (Balch et at. , 2004 McVea, Miller, Creswell, McEntarrfer, & Coleman, 2009 Amos, Wiltshire, Haw, & MeNeill, 2006 Seguire, & Chalmers, 2000) Thus, smoking behaviour among teenagers is a complex phenomenon, since it is influenced by duple factors. This complexity requires great understanding of the behaviour from those who are involved in the care of these teenagers. This comprehension would for certain help the care providers to curb teenage smoking, which is a dangerous, addictive and destructive behaviour. US Department of Health and Human Services, 2004) Therefore, many studies have Received on Augtist 28, 2010 and accepted on November 29, 2010 1) Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lutnpur, Malaysia 2) Pusat PERMATApintar Negara, Universiti Keba ngsaan Malaysia Bangl, 43600 Selangor, Malaysia 3) Setapak Health Clinic, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Correspondence to Hizlinda Tohid (e-mails emailprotected com) 2011 Japan International Cultural Exchange Foundation & Japan Health Sciences UniversityTobitJ H, et al. 195 Table 1. Participants gender, posture of smoking and types of interviews TYPES OF SCHOOL MALE GENDER FcEeM. . AALIEE SMOKERS STATUS OF SMOKING NON SMOKERS FOCUS GROUP INTERVIEW TYPES OF INTERVIEWS IN DEPTH INTERVIEW SCHOOL 1 URBAN 9 3 9 3 1 3 SCHOOL 2 SEMI-URBAN 7 7 1 SCHOOL 3 RURAL 7 7 1 TOTAL 3 23 3 23 3 3 3 been carried out to examine the phenomenon of teenage smoking. In Malaysia, majority of such studies were quantitative studies. (Naing et al. , 2004 Hoi, & Hong, 2000 Khairani, Norazua, & Zaiton, 2004 Zulkifli, Rogayah, Razian, & Nyi Nyi, 2001)Nevertheless, studies that qualitatively describe Malaysian teenagers smoking behaviour are still lacking. This deficiency may affect our understanding of the matter in gre at depth and holistically. Thus, this study aimed to explore smoking behaviour among Malaysian teenagers related to their smoking initiation, cigarette consumption, quit intention, and quit attempts. This information could provide us with better conception about their smoking behaviour, and subse- quently eould help us to identify areas for improvement. METHODSThis study used a multiple case study design, involving 26 teenagers (23 smokers and three former smokers) from three public schools (urban, semi-urban and rural). Data was collected via selfadministered questionnaires, focus group interviews (FGI) and indepth interviews (IDI) over a degree of 20 months, between 2008 until 2010. Theoretical framework This study utilised the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) to trace the researchers in data collection and analysis. The SCT was also used for analytieal generalisation in which findings of the study were mapped against the theory.It was chosen as the studys conjectural framework du e to its appropriateness and comprehensiveness in capturing a complex phenomenon of eigarette smoking that is influenced by multiple factors. (Baranowski, Perry, & Parcel, 2002) The SCT describes how individuals, environments and health behaviour interact with each other simultaneously (reciprocal determinism). (Baranowski, Perry, & Pareel, 2002) Study population Twenty six teenagers (23 boys and three girls, as shown in Table I) were selected via purposive and snowballing sampling, based on predetermined criteria.The teenage smokers and former smokers were sampled because their experience in cigarette smoking and smoking cessation was crucial for this study. These teenagers were 16 years old Malays, recruited from three different (urban, semiurban and rural) public schools from 2 states in Malaysia. Recruitment of teenagers Teenagers were recruited with the assistance from school counsellors from eaeh sehool. An agreement for no disciplinary action against teenagers who were willin g to participate in this study was made with the counsellors prior to the recruitment.The students smoking berth was also eoneealed from other school staff to avoid stigmatisation. Twelve teenagers who were selected from one of the schools were introdueed to the main researcher during an sexual meeting for study briefing (refer to Table 1). The teenagers were invited to participate and were given parental packages, which comprised of an acknowledgement letter to parents, the studys information sheet, and a parental consent form. Subsequently, dates for tbe FGI and IDI were set. The completed parental eonsents forms were eolleeted prior the interviews by the school counsellor.The other 14 teenagers (7 students from each remaining school, as shown in Table 1) were reeruited by sehools counsellors, who had training in qualitative research and were well informed about the study. Similar method of obtaining eonsent from their parents was carried out by these counsellors. Data collectio n three in-depth interviews and three focus-group interviews were carried out (refer to Table 1). Prior to the interviews, all participants were given a brief overview of the study and the process of the interviews. Written eonsents from eaeh partieipant were also obtained.They were past demand to answer a brief self-administered questionnaire on their socio-demography, smoking status and smoking behaviour (age of initiation, cigarette consumption, quit intention and quit attempts). The interviews were conducted in Malay language and eaeh interview lasted less than two hours. A semi-structured interview protocol was used to guide interviewers in questioning the participants. Anti-smoking posters and pamphlets were also used to facilitate discussion. Data analysis During eaeh interview, the conversation was recorded using digital region recorders.The voice recording was subsequently transeribed into text by using Microsoft Office Word 2007. The put down text was reviewed against the audio-recordings for several propagation until the accuracy of the transcripts was ensured. Any uncertainty during the transcription, assistance from other researehers was sought to ascertain its accuracy and reliability. (Yin, 2003 Yin, 1994) The transcribed text was then imported into NVIVO 7. The main researcher then analysed the data to identify themes and categories (thematie analysis) that would explain patterns of pereeption related to teenagers smoking behaviour.In order to ensure high reliability of the eoding proeess, tbe coded data was eross-checked by two experts in adolescence health. Kappa was reason by using the Cohen kappa formula to determine the reliability index, which was maintained above 0. 8. The process of transcription and analysis was repeated for every interview and cross-case conclusion was drawn between the analyses of eases. Findings of the study were also mapped against the SCT for analytical generalisation. Ettiical issues, reliability and bold ness Approval from the Research and Ethic Committee of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia was obtained prior to the study.Authorisation for interviewing teenagers from the schools was also acquired from the Ministry of Education Malaysia that limited interviewing students who were not school term for any major examination (i. e. exeept students aged 15 and 17 years old). Apart from these, all of these teenagers and their parents were required to provide written eonsents for their participation. The confidentiality of the participants, e. g. obscuring teenagers status of smoking from the knowledge of their parents and other sehool staffs, was also guaranteed throughout the study.Finally, medical state of the main researcher in preventing smoking-related illnesses, as she was also a medieal doctor, was realised by offering teenagers reference for smoking eessation at her clinic. This was done at the end of each interview to prevent any aslope answers from the partieipants. Validity an d reliability of the study were ensured via a number of methods, ineluding (1) triangulation of sourees of data (teenagers from three different sehools), as well as methods of data collection 196 What Determines Teenagers Smokitig Behaviour? Table 2. Smoking behaviour of the teenagers who smokedTEENAGERS WHO SMOKED (N = 23) AGE OF invention (YEARS) NUMBER OF CIGARRETTES SMOKED/DAY STAGE OF CHANGE NUMBER OF QUIT ATTEMPTS FGD(n = 21) IDl(n = 2) TOTAL 12 5 1 6 13 16 1 17 20 2 1 3 PRE COMTEMPLATION 5 1 7 CONTEMPLATION 4 4 PLANNING II 12 0 1 1 1-3 7 1 8 S4 13 1 14 (questionnaire, three FGI and three IDI), (2) self reflexivity in minimising biases that the researchers may bring into the study due to our previous involvement in managing problematic teenagers and chronic smokers, (3) procedural validity via rephrasing of questions, elarifying of statement and minimal prompting as ecessary,(Fliek, 2009) and (4) inter-coder agreement or reliability index of above 0. 8. RESULTS Twenty three boys and three girls were interviewed (referred to Table 1), in which two of the boys and one of the girls were former smokers. The remaining 23 teenagers were smokers at the time of the interviews. These teenagers smoking behaviour (age of smoking initiation, cigarette consumption, intention to quit and history of quit attempts) is summarised in Table 2. Age and reasons of smoking initiation Six of the 23 (26%) teenage smokers in this study started smoking during primary school (before the age of 13).The youngest age of smoking initiation was 10 years old. Nevertheless, 74% of these teenage smokers started smoking when they were in the secondary school. Most of the teenagers admitted that curiosity felt up curious to try (smoking), sensation seeking Just for fun, parental modelling of smoking Sinee my arrive smokes I always watch him smoking. When he smokes, it looks pleasurable gratifying, peer pressure Peer influence, and misconception of smoking Style (because of smoking). Si yle were common factors for them to experiment with smoking.The teenagers who started smoking before the age of 13 claimed that curiosity and smoking modelling by parents were their main reasons for experimenting with smoking. This is contrary to those who started smoking at the age of 13 years or older. These teenagers admitted that peer pressure was the major factor for them to start smoking. Cigarette consumption absolute majority (20/23) of the teenage smokers in this study admitted to smoking every day and 74% of these teenagers smoked not more than 5 cigarettes a day.The teenagers believed that their daily smoking behaviour was mainly due to nicotine addiction in which they described substantial physical (e. g. tiredness, lethargy, flu-like symptoms) and psychological (e. g. slow thinking, depressed, craving) withdrawal symptoms that they experienced during smoking abstinence My brain feels slow (If I stop smoking) I feel restless. . The daily smokers also admitted to smoking when they were with their friends. They claimed this behaviour could be due to a number of reasons a) sharing the cost of cigarettes with their friends, thus tend to smoke together, as explained by a teenager mingled with 14 of us. we shared RMI per person, we can get 2 big boxes of cigarettes. b) socialisation, as one teenager note When we hang around (with friends), we smoke, sis c) peer pressure, as a teenager claimed When we see our friends smoked, the desire to smoke is too intense. d) sense of belonging, for example We all belong to a gang who shared our cigarettes together However, three of the current smokers admitted to smoking only once a week. They stated that they particularly smoked during stressful period Especially when I am insideng something. When its hard then Ill smoke. . A few of the teenagers reported that the national anti-tobacco policy, as well as the school regulations had restricted their smoking behaviour. These teenagers admitted to commonly smoke in secluded areas outside of public view, such as in school toilets and stairways of shop malls. The restrictive environment for public smoking was believed to influence tbeir cigarette consumption. Intention to quit All teenage smokers in this study had the intention to quit smoking. However, 7 of them (30%) did not plan to quit within the next 6 months (in the pre-contemplation stage).Twelve of them (52%) were in the planning stage, but none had set their quit dates. The smokers diselosed that a number of factors could influence tbeir desire to quit, which included a) impaired athletic performance, as one of the teenagers claimed When (I) sprint I will hecome breathless b) boy- or girlfriend aversion, for example by chance (I get the desire to stop smoking) from my girlfriend. If she said If you do not stop smoking, we should break-up. Huh. (I feel like to quit smoking) c) parental disapproval, as noted by one boy If mother scolded me for smoking, until she cried.. I would feel ? i ke I want to quit, but it was temporary only. Afterwards.. I continue smoking d) concern about health, shown by one of the teenagers excerpt Smoking can make me feel breathless, sis (thats why I feel like to quit) e) finaneial problems, as a teenager stated (I) think about my parents, sis. My mother and my father are not wealthy, (when I) think about that, it could ( detonate my desire to quit) Similar motivating factors were also reported by former smokers in this study prior to their successful smoking cessation.Nevertheless, these former smokers admitted that only personalised motivating factors could render them to quit successfully. Their personalised motivators were parental disapproval (Parental disapproval) effective, its effective. Ive stopped smoking. , maintaining athletic performance (I) stopped smoking (for athletic performance). I got selected (to play football for my district) afterwards. and saving money // stopped (smoking) to save money to buy a motorbike. Previous quit attempts Almost all (22/23) teenage smokers in this study had attempted smoking cessation prior to the interviews.The teenagers deseribed that quitting was very difficult because of withdrawal symptoms that they experienced during the quit attempts (If I stop smoking) I feel restless. Sixty percent of the teenage smokers had actually attempted to quit four times or more. All of the teenagers claimed that they never reeeived any professional helps when they made their attempts to quit in the past. Majority of them declared that they sought their friends advice on how to quit and among the common methods that they had tried were drinking a lot of water, chewing gums and victorious sweets, as one of the teenagers saidTohid H. et al. 197 Usuatty (I) asked my friends how to quit. They advised me to drink a tot of minerat water. DISCUSSION In Malaysia, the mean age of smoking initiation among teenage smokers is between 12-14 years old, (The National Health and Morbidity Survey, 2 009 Hammond et at. , 2008 Khairani, Norazua, & Zaiton, 2004 Naing et at. , 2004) whieh is synchronic with the findings of this study. The common reasons for smoking initiation, such as curiosity, peer pressure, and parental smoking, reported by tbe participants in tbis study were similar to otber studies. (Naing et at. 2004 Kbairani, Norazua, & Zaiton, 2004) This study also suggested that curiosity and parental modelling of smoking bebaviour could be teenagers main reasons for experimenting smoking at younger age (less tban 13 years old). In contrary, peer pressure was make up to be a major factor for teenagers wbo started smoking at seeondary sehools. However, the significance of tbese associations should be confirmed by future quantitative studies. Cigarette consumption reported by teenagers in this study was found to be lesser tban tbose of Malaysian adults, who averagely smoke between 11 to 14 cigarettes per day. World Health Organization (WHO) Framework conventionalism on To bacco Control, 2010) Tbis may be due to a number of factors as suggested by tbese teenagers, such as (a) insufficient fund to purchase cigarettes, (b) occasional smoking, and (c) restrictive environment for smoking. Nevertheless, underreporting of smoking behaviour by these teenagers may also explain the lower estimated number of cigarettes smoked by them. Tbis is because teenagers have a tendency to report socially desirable behaviour and attitudes. (Hammond et at. , 2008 Klein, Havens, & Carlson, 2005)Insufficient fund to purebase cigarettes were described by some of the teenagers in this study, who claimed that they had to share their air pocket money with their peers to buy cigarettes. Tbis is to ensure their continuous supply of cigarettes and to develop bonding among tbe peers. (Vuckovic, Polen, & Hollis, 2003 Amos, Wiltsbire, Haw, & McNeill, 2006 Niehter, Vuckovic, Quintero, & Ritenbaugh, 1997 Seguire, & Cbalmers, 2000) Tbis practice in unblock increases tbe level of accept ance by peers and promote sense of belonging tbat is pertinent to teenagers psychosocial development. Mermelstein, 2003 Vuckovic, Polen, & Hollis, 2003 McVea, Miller, Creswell, McEntarrfer, & Coleman, 2009 Nicbter, Vuckovic, Quintero, & Ritenbaugh, 1997 Seguire, c& Chalmers, 2000) However, some teenagers in this study, who had no financial coyness because they had personal income (e. g. from part-time job or significant allowance from parents), admitted to smoke only wben socialising and facing adversities (e. g. relation problems, unfitness to cope witb academic or part-time job). (Vuekovic, Polen, & Hollis, 2003 Balch et at. , 2004 Amos, Wiltshire, Haw, & McNeill, 2006 Hoi, 8L Hong, 2000Khairani, Norazua, & Zaiton, 2004 Niehter, Vuckovic, Quintero, & Ritenbaugh, 1997 Seguire, & Chalmers, 2000) These teenagers can be defined as occasional smokers, whose smoking was apparently influenced by peer pressure and tbeir inability to control themselves over smoking or to cope with stress. (Vuckovic, Polen, & Hollis, 2003 Seguire, & Chalmers, 2000 Patten et al. , 2003 Niehter, Vuckovic, Quintero, & Ritenbaugh, 1997 Mermelstein, 2003 McVea, Miller, Creswell, McEntarrfer, & Coleman, 2009 Khairani, Norazua, & Zaiton, 2004 Balch et at. , 2004 Amos, Wiltshire, Haw, & McNeill, 2006 Hoi, & Hong, 2000) Teenagers smoking in esponse to hardship shows that smoking is their way of coping since it calms them through nicotine effects on the central nervous system. (Niebter, Vuckovic, Quintero, & Ritenbaugh, 1997 Curry, Mermelstein, & Sporer, 2009) In addition, smoking creates a social space in which they can calm down and relieve tension. (Niehter, Vuckovic, Quintero, & Ritenbaugh, 1997 Curry, Mermelstein, & Sporer, 2009) Apart from financial constraint and occasional smoking, restrietive environment for public smoking was also found to be responsible for tbe partieipants low cigarette consumption in this study.Therefore, these teenagers commonly smoked in secluded areas outside o f public view, sucb as scbool toilets and stairways of shopping malls. These findings are consistent with a number of other studies that have found restrictive environment to be effective in reducing teenage smoking. (Wakefield ct at. , 2000 Lipperman-Kreda, & Grube, 2009 Crawford, Balcb, Mermelstein, & Tobacco Control Network constitution Group, 2002) Majority of teenage smokers bave intention to quit. (Khairani, Norazua, & Zaiton, 2004 Krishnan M, 2003 Mermelstein, 2003 Naing ct at. 2004 The National Health and Morbidity Survey, 2009) Tbis was also found by tbis study, in wbich almost all teenagers who smoked eonsidered to quit smoking sometime in the future. They admitted that a number of factors could trigger tbeir quit intention, wbich include (a) athletic performance, (b) boy- or girlfriend aversion, (c) parental disapproval, (d) concern about bealtb, and (e) money saving. Tbese faetors were as well found to motivate teenagers to eease smoking by previous studies. (Vuckovic, Polen, & Hollis, 2003 Mermelstein, 2003 McVea, Miller, Creswell,McEntarrfer, & Coleman, 2009 Balcb ct al. , 2004) However, tbe teenagers reported tbat these extrinsie motivations were insufficient to keep them from get along smoking abstinence. Nevertbeless, excerpts made by tbe former smokers in this study suggested that teenagers would only stop smoking when they are desperate to change due to compelling personal reasons. This finding is supported by McVea et al who found only emotionally compelling and inescapable quit reasons were the most motivating reasons for teenagers to stop smoking. (McVea, Miller, Creswell, McEntarrfer, & Coleman, 2009)Even though majority of tbe teenagers in this study had intention to quit smoking, they did not have any quitting plans, not even setting their quit dates. These findings are similar to those reported by Mermestein. (Mermelstein, 2003) It is possible tbat the teenagers were (a) not ready to quit (Balch ct al. , 2004) (e. g. some of the te enagers in the eurrent study would only quit when they experience major life transition, such as after graduation and tnarriage), (b) ambivalent about quitting (MeVea, Miller, Creswell, McEntarrfer, & Coleman, 2009 Patten et al. 2003) (e. g. a number of teenagers repetitively answered, I am not sure when they were asked about tbeir plan to quit smoking), and (c) very confident that they could control themselves over smoking (Niehter, Vuckovic, Quintero, & Ritenbaugb, 1997 Amos, Wiltshire, Haw, & McNeill, 2006) (e. g. a teenager assertively admitted that he could stop stroking on his own without relying on helps from other). The later seems to be related to teenagers belief tbat quitting is just a matter of will power. (Amos, Wiltsbire, Haw, & McNeill, 2006 Balcb el at. 2004) After all, these teenagers ehanees for successful quit attempts would be reduced if they did not have strategic quitting plans. Multiple unsuccessful quit attempts were also reported by many teenagers in tbis st udy, in which the findings were concurrent with other studies. (World Health Organization (WHO) Framework conference on Tobacco Control, 2010 The National Health and Morbidity Survey, 2009 Klein, Havens, & Carlson, 2005 Balch ct at. , 2004) This could be due to several reasons which can be summarised into three categories (1) nicotine addiction,(Amos,Wiltsbire, Haw, & McNeill, 2006 Balch et al. , 2004 DiFranza et at. , 2007 DiFranza ct at. , 2007) (2) factors related to environment and situation which could promote teenage smoking (e. g. strong peer pressure, poor support from friends, smoking tnodelling by family members, stress etc, as higbligbted by tbe current study), (Balch et at. , 2004 Crawford, Balch, Mermelstein, & Tobacco Control Network Writing Group, 2002 McVea, Miller, Creswell, McEntarrfer, & Coleman, 2009 Nicbter, Vuckovic, Quintero, & Ritenbaugb, 1997) and (3) personal factors (e. g. oor risk assessment, poor knowledge, poor self efficacy and control, mi,sconception about smoking and quitting, strong belief in unassisted quit attempts etc, as found by this study) (Niehter, Vuckovic, Quintero, & Ritenbaugb, 1997 Balcb ct at. , 2004). These tbree categories appear to matcb tbe model of the Social Cognitive Theory. Overall, this study provides beneficial information for future development of interventions of smoking cessation for teenagers. Nevertheless, appropriate eontext which is similar to tbose of this study should be taken into consideration before applying such information since this is a ease study.Interviewing only teenagers aged 16 years old also limits the findings of this study. This is because teenagers at different stages of adolescence (early, middle and late) may bave different developmental characteristics which may influence their pereeption and attitude towards cigarette smoking. Teenagers from different stages of adolescence should then be included in future studies as differences in tbeir perception, attitude and bebaviour co uld be explored. CONCLUSION This study bad captured tbe complexity of tbe teenagers smoking bebaviour that could be influenced by multiple factors.Tbese faetors included behavioural (e. g. nicotine addiction), personal and environmental factors matched the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). These 198 What Determines Teenagers Smoking Behaviour? multiple factors should be considered in developing interventions for smoking cessation suited for teenagers. The corresponding mapping of the findings against the SCT also supports the use of the SCT in helping us to comprehensively understand teenage smoking behaviour and to overcome the influential factors. FUNDING This work was funded by the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia UKM-GUP-TKS-07-12-097 and FF-127-2008). solution OF INTERESTS All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interests. 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