Introduction to Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to Microeconomics - Essay Example This replaces Highly Skilled Migrant Programme (HSMP) that was in force earlier. Tier II: Under this, skilled workers get entry in the UK, who have a ready job offer. This essentially replaces Work Permit rules granted to workers in UK. Tier III: This fulfills the need of lower skilled requirement of workers to meet temporary shortages in the labour market. This has now been tilted in favour of EU migrants only. Tier IV: This specifies the needs of students who want to study in UK and get enriched with skill and knowledge. Tier V: This is a general category as per the agreement with other countries to allow youth mobility and purely as a temporary work permit. Skilled migration has played a pivotal role to keep economy of UK buoyant and competitive. Doctors, engineers, scientists, MBAs, fall under the category of highly skilled individuals who were encouraged to immigrate and remain in UK since 2002. The problem arose because government imposed a cap which affects migration in this c ategory. From April 2011, the Government has decided to impose a permanent restriction on skilled immigration replacing Tier 1 (General) category with a new 'exceptional talent' visa. Currently the Government has stopped accepting new applications from the people outside of the UK. (Highly Skilled†¦) There have been serious concerns on levels of immigration after the worldwide economic downturn in 2008. The UK imposed no cap on immigration from the previous Eastern Bloc Countries that joined the EU in 2004. There has been a significant growth in Eastern European migration at the expense of non EU migration. Total immigration between the year 2004 and 2010 can be observed in below mentioned illustration. Surprisingly, it was highest in the year 2005. The year 2009 and 2010 do not show any drastic increase in immigration population so as to make any serious concern and any unemployment issue for locals cannot be seen having any linkages to any increase in immigrant population. To tal long-term international migration estimates, UK, 2000–2010 Source: ONS, Long-Term International Migration Statistical Bulletin–Migration Statistics, Page 5 In fact, non EU migrants have got the biggest hit owing to Government efforts to quell public concerns over immigration. Because of the EU Law, government is not in a position to restrict immigration from EU Countries and what UK needs is the migration of highly skilled workers from non EU countries. The UK Government has declared a permanent ceiling of 21,700 on skilled immigration to be applicable in April 2011. Further, investors, entrepreneurs, and 'exceptionally talented' individuals will get entry under Tier 1 and Tier 2 will be restricted to graduate level occupations. Entrepreneurs and investors will have no restriction whatsoever that can come to the UK with certain net worth. It will be pertinent to note that in 2009, UK issued 50,000 visas to non-EU citizens under Tier 1 category. Present cap of 21,70 0 visas in the highly skilled category is a substantial cut if seen from the perspective of visas issued in the year 2009. Shortage of Skilled Workers It will be interesting to see what business leaders say about the shortage of skilled workers. Ignacio Galan, the owner of Scottish Power Ltd has shown apprehension that UK’s plan to improve power-generation and to embark on renewable energy projects will be seriously hampered by the shortage of engineers.

Human Growth and Development Essay Example for Free

Human Growth and Development Essay Four phases of development Early Childhood Early childhood describes the years from ages two to six. During early childhood, the body no longer grows at the rapid pace that it did during the first two years of life. On average children add two to three inches in height and about 5 pounds in weight each year (Berk, 2006). The weight increase is due mainly to increases in the size of the skeleton and muscular systems as well as some body organs. Consequently, posture and balance changes that support gains in motor coordination. Cognitive development – Children begin to make gains in tasks that depend on the frontal cortex and language skills and motor coordination increase at an astonishing rate. Children begin to gain the ability to control impulses. During the early school –age period, children are constructing a broad overview of how their interpersonal world is structured and where they fit in. They are devising a scheme for self in society. Because children’s life experiences are limited and they are still highly impressionable, the nature of this initial worldview as likely to be very compelling, permeating their outlook in the years ahead. Handedness The period of middle and late childhood involves slow consistent growth. This is a period of calm before rapid growth spurt of adolescence. Among the important aspects of body change in this developmental period are those involving the skeletal system the muscular system and motor skills. Motor Development During middle and late childhood, children’s motor development becomes much smoother and more coordinated. Children’s center of gravity begins to shift and they become more steady on their feet making it easier to balance and complete tasks such as throwing, hitting, catching, hopping, and jumping. Gross Motor As children move through the elementary school years they gain greater control over their bodies and can sit still and pay attention for longer periods of time. However, elementary school children become more fatigued from longer periods of sitting than by more physically active skills. Fine Motor Fine motor skills too take a giant leap forward in the preschool years (Berk, 2006). As young children gain control over their hands and fingers they begin to show success in putting puzzles together, building small blocks, cutting and pasting. Middle School Age Physical Development Cognitive Development Emotional Development Social Development Adolescence Physical Development Cognitive Development Emotional Development Social Development Early Adulthood ages 18-40 For most people earl adulthood involves a common set of tasks: leaving home, completing education, beginning full-time work, attaining economic independence, establishing a long-term sexually and emotionally intimate relationship and starting a gamily (Berk, 2006). Emerging adulthood is a new transitional phase of development extending from late teens to mid twenties. During this period most people have left adolescence but are still some distance from taking on adult responsibilities. Rather they explore alternatives more intensely than they did as teenagers prolonging identity development. Physical Development Once body structures reach maximum capacity and efficiency, biological aging or senescence begins genetically influenced declines in the functioning of organs and systems that are universal in all members of our specials (Cristofalo et. al, 1999). Many factor contribute to biological aging.

Abortion Should Remain Legal Essay -- Argument For Abortion

The average woman is pregnant for 38 weeks. However, what if a woman decides she no longer wants to follow through with her pregnancy? If a woman chooses to no longer be pregnant; abortion has become a popular way to terminate a pregnancy. There can be many reasons as to why a woman might have an abortion. It may be due to an unwanted pregnancy, health issues with the mother that will cause her sickness throughout the pregnancy, inability to care for a child, ectopic pregnancy, and even awareness of life threatening illnesses that will not allow the baby to live outside of the womb. Abortion has been a controversial subject for decades. Not only has abortion been controversial in the United States, but it has been an issue around the world. There are many powerful reasons as to why some people are against abortion; and there are also numerous reasons as to why some people advocate abortion. Some people feel that abortion is an act of murder, evil, and selfishness; while many others feel that it is a womans decision and right to do what she wishes with her body; as well as the decisions that she makes. To those who are unaware of exactly what an abortion is; it is when a pregnant woman has a fetus removed from her womb. To this day, there are 682 abortion clinics in the U.S; and there are numerous methods to abortion; although the aspiration method is most popular. The aspiration method, also known as the vacuum method, takes place within the first trimester of pregnancy. According to lifesitenews.com, a website that discusses abortion, the methods of abortion depends on the stage the pregnancy is in, as well as the size of the fetus. Due to health concerns and less chance of complications, abortions are usually performed within t... ...s." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 04 Dec. 2013. . "Roe v. Wade." Roe v. Wade. N.p., 13 Dec. 1971. Web. 03 Dec. 2013. . "Share." The Bible's Teaching Against Abortion. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2013. . Sifferlin, Alexandra, and Alexandra Sifferlin. "Study Linking Abortion to Mental Health Problems Is Flawed | TIME.com." Time. Time, n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2013. . "Surgical Abortions." LifeSiteNewscom RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2013. . Abortion Should Remain Legal Essay -- Argument For Abortion The average woman is pregnant for 38 weeks. However, what if a woman decides she no longer wants to follow through with her pregnancy? If a woman chooses to no longer be pregnant; abortion has become a popular way to terminate a pregnancy. There can be many reasons as to why a woman might have an abortion. It may be due to an unwanted pregnancy, health issues with the mother that will cause her sickness throughout the pregnancy, inability to care for a child, ectopic pregnancy, and even awareness of life threatening illnesses that will not allow the baby to live outside of the womb. Abortion has been a controversial subject for decades. Not only has abortion been controversial in the United States, but it has been an issue around the world. There are many powerful reasons as to why some people are against abortion; and there are also numerous reasons as to why some people advocate abortion. Some people feel that abortion is an act of murder, evil, and selfishness; while many others feel that it is a womans decision and right to do what she wishes with her body; as well as the decisions that she makes. To those who are unaware of exactly what an abortion is; it is when a pregnant woman has a fetus removed from her womb. To this day, there are 682 abortion clinics in the U.S; and there are numerous methods to abortion; although the aspiration method is most popular. The aspiration method, also known as the vacuum method, takes place within the first trimester of pregnancy. According to lifesitenews.com, a website that discusses abortion, the methods of abortion depends on the stage the pregnancy is in, as well as the size of the fetus. Due to health concerns and less chance of complications, abortions are usually performed within t... ...s." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 04 Dec. 2013. . "Roe v. Wade." Roe v. Wade. N.p., 13 Dec. 1971. Web. 03 Dec. 2013. . "Share." The Bible's Teaching Against Abortion. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2013. . Sifferlin, Alexandra, and Alexandra Sifferlin. "Study Linking Abortion to Mental Health Problems Is Flawed | TIME.com." Time. Time, n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2013. . "Surgical Abortions." LifeSiteNewscom RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2013. .

Lois Lowrys The Giver Should Not be Censored Essay -- Lois Lowry Give

Lois Lowry's The Giver Should Not be Censored      Ã‚  Ã‚   Parents in modern society routinely attempt to shield their children from what they view as evils of the world. Adults censor television they watch, conversations they have, and books they read. In so doing, parents feel that they are guarding their children from knowledge that they may not be emotionally capable of handling. However, it also is imperative in the highly competitive atmosphere of modern society for youth to become prepared for the pressures of adulthood. Ironically, the dangerous knowledge parents believe they are hiding from their children inevitably is learned through exposure. In the domain of literature, a parent may feel that a particular book attracts attention to inappropriate or taboo issues, neglecting the positive aspects of that same work. This is the situation that has developed with Lois Lowry's The Giver, a book opposed by parents across the nation. Throughout the novel, despite challenges that have emerged based in her use of e uphemistic expressions for euthanasia within a utopian society, the author nonetheless demonstrates the importance of experiential learning and the valuable lessons to be learned by working through the negative aspects of life.    Parents have raised protest against The Giver because it references euthanasia; a concept many believe corrupts youthful readers' minds and values. Indeed, the author initially does minimize the significance of mercy killing by euphemistically denoting it as, "release" (139). However, when Jonas learns the true definition of this term, he grows determined to awaken the community to what it is condoning. He realizes that the process of release is a "feeling of terri... ...ustrates the significance of developing and experiencing a balanced perspective on life. However, this parental challenge misunderstands that euphemism is used as a literary device to actually convey the horror of infanticide. Lowery further conveys the poverty of emotional experience that emerges when words are used superficially and without meaning. The Giver further demonstrates through the development of the protagonist, Jonas, that it is necessary to experience the negative aspects of life in order to enjoy the good life has to offer. It reveals that the price paid for the illusion of safety in a utopian environment is the demoralization of life and its endless possibilities, or, as more euphemistically referred to in today's society, no pain, no gain. Work Cited: Lowry, L.   The Giver. New York, NY: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, 1993.

Impact of Culture on Web Design Essay

Websites allow global product and services distribution through intranets, extranets and internet Websites. Both groups of designers and professional analysts concur that a well-designed user interface is an essential component that improves the appeal and operation of the Web, allowing â€Å"browsers† or â€Å"tourists† to be converted into â€Å"customers† and â€Å"residents.† Recognizing demographic diversity and understanding the users are the two main focus of attention in the user-interface development process. However, these differences may demonstrate worldwide cultures in a global economy. The impact of culture in web content and tools is a factor which companies that aim to engage in online international business should consider. Few important pointers should be regarded. For instance, a person has a favorite website, how might this site be understood in countries like Paris, USA, London, Japan, or India, assuming that enough verbal translation are carried out? There might be something in a website’s metaphors, interaction, mental model or even the appearance offend or alienate a user. The date, most particularly, the year, is also one of the factors to be considered. For instance, the year is 2000; in other country’s systems it is 1420, 4698 or 5760. The mere counting system might alienate or confuse users of another culture who are using their own native system. Take into account the order in which an individual prefer to retrieve information. If one is planning to travel by train, would he or she want to check the scheduled information first or go over the organization and evaluate its credibility? Diverse cultures look for different information before they come up with decisions. The complex interaction of user, engineering demands, marketing and business must be decided by web user-interface and information designers. However, as they accomplish these tasks, they would do well to consider their own cultural orientation and to analyze the processes and preferred structures of other cultures. This process would serve to reach a more desirable global solutions or to decide as to what degree customized designs might be best than universal ones. Cultures, especially within other nations, are very different. Colors in Judeo-Christian that are considered sacred are different from the Buddhist and Islam. The designs for background screen patterns might not be suited in Mediterranean climates or in other countries. All these differences run deeper than mere visual aspects; they portray strong cultural values. How might all these differences be translated without getting into the trap of culture-stereotyping? According to Hofstede (as cited in Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc, n.d.), a Dutch cultural anthropologist who developed the cross-cultural theory, it is hard to establish complete criteria pertaining to what is noble from what is disgusting. Bias will always be a factor because the cultural values of the people are based on their environment and early childhood. Not all in a society meets the cultural pattern but there is adequate demographic regularity to distinguish trends and tendencies. Such trends and tendencies must not be perceived in a negative way as if creating negative stereotypes, instead, be identified as patterns of values and thoughts. It is important to collaborate to accomplish practical goals without expecting anyone to believe, think and act identically. Hofstede presented his five dimensions of culture which have implications on web design. If Hofstede’s theory becomes recognized for user-interface design, perhaps people need to modify the present practices and develop new instruments. People must make it feasible to produce several website versions in a cost-effective way, maybe using templates or any versioning instruments. As the web keeps on developing globally, addressing all the concerns using exploration and exploitation, the cultural dimensions will be a necessity and not just one of the options for a successful theory. References Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc. (n.d.) User interface design. Retrieved April 28, 2009, from http://www.amanda.com/home/home_f.html

Four Tips For Successful Web Writing

Four Tips For Successful Web Writing Four Tips For Successful Web Writing Four Tips For Successful Web Writing By Sharon If you want people to read your web content, you have to make it appeal to them. Heres how to do it. First, pick a great title or a good one. A good title is one that tells the reader what your article or post is about. You can use humor or you can play it straight, as long as you inform the reader. Titles with number in them tend to do well. A good title, like a good article, answers the whats in it for me question for readers. Next, talk to your readers as if theyre sitting in the same room. Use the word you liberally, as you were if you were talking to someone. Good web writing is like having a conversation with the person who is reading it. Your writing voice will be a bit like your speaking voice let your personality show. Write short, clear sentences. Make it easy for people to understand what youre talking about. The web audience is international, and not everyone speaks English as a first language. So when you write, avoid jargon and obscure language and provide examples to illustrate your points. Summarize. Use bulleted lists to help people understand the essentials of your topic. Its the old rule: tell them, then tell them what youve told them. Heres a recap. Four ways to write a good web article are to: Pick a good title. Address your readers directly. Keep sentences short and clear. Provide a summary. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)Among vs. AmongstWhile vs. Whilst

Dell New Horizons Case Analysis Essays

Dell New Horizons Case Analysis Essays Dell New Horizons Case Analysis Essay Dell New Horizons Case Analysis Essay Dell-New Horizons HBS case-9-502-022 Introduction As a consecutively successful and fast-growing company, Dell’s management got the pressure of maintaining the rapid growth. On the other hand, the hyper-growth in the PC industry over-drafted some growth potential in the coming years and the bubble of the internet economy burst so the speed of the growth would slow down. Since March 2000, Dell’s performance in market capitalization and stock prices had got a slump. In addition, competitions were becoming ferocious so Dell frequently lowered its prices, lowering profit margins as well. Therefore, how to maintain a 30% growth in revenues and earnings year after year was a challenge to Dell. Dell faced the options such as product growth, service growth and international markets growth. In the product growth section, personal computers, workstations, servers and storage were the portfolio. Whether to enter new product categories such as high-end servers, external storage and enterprise services was on the table for the management. The financial constraint was $7. 9 billion in cash on its balance sheet. (In 2000, net income + average growth on liabilities=$ 5,146 million). In this analysis, we will scrutinize the growth options and Dell’s ability in certain fields to make sure which options are suitable for it. Finally, we will lay out a prospective plan to pursue growth. Analysis Dell’s success relies on the growing market of PC industry, its business model and its superior ability to execute to sustain the business model. Dell Direct model was about low cost, direct customer relationships and virtual integration. It was a high velocity, efficient distribution system characterized by build-to-order manufacturing, and products and services targeted at specific market segments. From mail orders and phone orders to internet orders processing, Dell has a long history and experience in direct selling, making it difficult for competitors to imitate. Personal computers This is the biggest segment with $ 217 billion in 2000. It was almost 75% of Dell’s revenues and the market still grew at 10% even though it slowed down from a speed of 20%. It was very important so Dell still need to work hard on this field. Further prices cutting might get some players out of this game while it would harm Dell as well. Dell’s operating incomes on sales were 9% in 1999, 8% in 2000, and 5% in 2001. Without new effective ways to cut costs down further, prices cutting would harm the industry and Dell itself. Dell can expand in this segment by focus on small and medium businesses. International markets such as Asia/Pacific and Japan are main fields to grow. Dell already did a good job in relationship business, producing 60% Dell’s U. S revenues. While in small and medium businesses, Dell had enough space to expand because only 30% of U. S revenue was from this segment and small and medium businesses are countless. Workstations This is the smallest segment in Dell’s products portfolio. The market was $9. 2 billion in 2000 worldwide. Dell already got 36. 8% in U. S and 29. 6% worldwide. With the increasing of Windows-based workstations, Dell’s share can be expected to grow. This segment can contribute revenues to Dell while Dell should not allocate too many resources on it. Servers This is the second largest segment. It was $69 billion in 2000 and kept 7% growth per year. SIAS enjoyed annual growth in excess of 30% and Dell played in SIAS arena and had 25. 5% share in 2001. Therefore, Dell’s management considered entering high-end servers. It is reasonable because Dell had no market share in high-end servers. Storage This market was $69 billion in 2000 and kept 23% growth per year. The industry trend was that NAS and SAN were getting two-thirds of the market while DAS would fall to one-thirds from 70%. Dell’s products mainly were NAS with cheaper prices than competitors’ such as Compaq, Network Appliance and Sun N8200. Dell also allied with EMC by selling its CLARiiON line of products. This is a good idea because Dell can acquire experience and expertise in SAN products and know more about EMC. Manufacturing is easy while selling is difficult. Dell had powerful direct sales force in medium and small business and government accounts. After Dell gets technology, experience and expertise in SAN, it can get into this field. From 1996 to 2001, Dell’s profit margin on sales was 8% in 1998 and 1999, the highest, while it was 1% in 1997 and 2001, the lowest. On the other hand, EMC’s profit margin on sales was 20% in 2000, the highest, and 12% in 1996 and 1998, the lowest. It was more profitable than Dell’s PC products. Dell had reasons to pursue bigger market share in this market. Critics thought that Dell did not have robust products and was not getting help from Microsoft and Intel in terms of getting the quality of stuff and that Dell had no strength in reliability, serviceability, availability and manageability. However, that does not mean that Dell cannot acquire supports from Microsoft and Inter and that Dell cannot cultivate the abilities. Dell launched Controlled Deplyment Team to improve its abilities. Service Portfolio It contributed $2 billion to Dell’s 2000 revenues and was an increasingly important part of its portfolio. Dell had strength in speed, costs and prices. It can leverage the strength to expand the service portfolio. Of course, it is limited by other products Dell can sell. It cannot be separate from Dell’s products. If it was separated, the workers would spend time and money to study other competitors’ products and this would improve competitors’ service availability. International market growth The PC market worldwide was 3 times bigger than the U. S market and the workstations market worldwide was twice of the U. S market while Dell had only 25% revenues outside the U. S. It is not difficulty to understand that Kevin Rollins was particularly keen to bring Dell’s international revenues up to the U. S. benchmark. In the U. S. , Dell was the number one in PC and workstations while it was the third in Western Europe, the 7th in Asia/Pacific and the 8th in Japan. Kevin Rollins’ assumption is reasonable. Dell can be the number one in the U. S. Why can’t in other countries? It confronted almost the same competitors in foreign countries as in the U. S. Recommendation To maintain a 32% growth, we recommend a 25% growth in the U. S. and a 50% growth in the international market. Even in 2001, Dell’s growth was 26%, the lowest since 1996. Therefore, a 25% growth in the U. S. is reasonable. From 1998 to 2000, Western Europe market grew by 26%, 88% in Asia/Pacific, 78% in Japan, 52% in Latin America and 39% in the rest of the world. So an expected 50% growth in the international market is practical. Dell should expand high-end servers and external storage market by leveraging its cost advantages, high velocity and good executions. In addition, it should aggressively expand in international markets, focusing on Germany, China and Brazil. To get bigger shares in high-end servers and external storage, Dell can ally with Microsoft and Intel. They already had cooperation and allies in PC and workstations. The homework is just to expand these allies to high-end servers and external storage by negotiations. Even it can consider a merge or purchasing with EMC so EMC can contribute the technology and expertise and Dell can contribute the sales channels, low costs, and excellent executions. Dell also needs to allocate more budgets to RD to develop â€Å"robust products†. We recommend increasing the budget for RD to 3% from 1. %. The market segment is small and mid-size companies. EMC’s products are too expensive. Dell can target this market by offering much cheaper and a little storage solutions. Low costs and prices are Dell’s strength. On the other hand, the sufficient growth in the market can bring profits to Dell. To expand in the international markets, people are the key. Why didnt Dell play the best in foreign countries as it did in the U. S? The answer should be that the management teams in foreign countries were not competent in those markets. Probably they were very good in the U. S. ut not in foreign countries due to languages and cultures. Dell should launch a program to recruit and train more competent managers who are natives in foreign countries and know their markets very well and let them work in the U. S. to learn Dell’s culture, values, and management skills, and then relocate them to their homelands to take management positions. In addition, aggressive marketing in these markets is important, more sales people, more advertising, more promotion and more distributors, if applicable. Projected Income Statement ($ in millions) 2001 Forecast Basis 2002 2003 2004 2005 Net Sales 31888 132%*2001 sales 42092. 16 55561. 65 73341. 38 96810. 62 Cost of Sales 25445 80%*2002 sales 33673. 73 44449. 32 58673. 1 77448. 5 Gross Profit 6443 8418. 432 11112. 33 14668. 28 19362. 12 SGA 3193 10%*2002 sales 4209. 216 5556. 165 7334. 138 9681. 062 R 482 3%*2002 sales 1262. 765 1666. 85 2200. 241 2904. 319 Special Charge 105 Operating Income 2663 2946. 451 3889. 316 5133. 897 6776. 743 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Average Total liabilites growth 36% 53% 35% 27% 38% Profit margin on sales 5% 1% 8% 8% 7% 1% Operating income on sales 9% 8% 5% Sales growth 52% 47% 59% 48%

Topographic Maps

Topographic Maps Topographic maps (often called topo maps for short) are large scale (often greater than 1:50,000) maps that show a wide range of human and physical features of the Earth. They are very detailed maps and are often produced on large sheets of paper. The First Topographic Map In the late 17th century, French finance minister Jean Baptiste Colbert hired surveyor, astronomer, and physician Jean Dominique Cassini for an ambitious project, the topographic mapping of France. He [Colbert] wanted the kind of maps that indicated man-made and natural features as determined by precise engineering surveys and measurements. They would portray the shapes and elevations of mountains, valleys, and plains; the network of streams and rivers; the location of cities, roads, political boundaries, and other works of man. (Wilford, 112) After a century of work by Cassini, his son, grandson, and great-grandson, France was the proud owner of a complete set of topographic maps the first country to have produced such a prize. Topographic Mapping of the United States Since the 1600s, topographic mapping has become an integral part of a countrys cartography. These maps remain among the most valuable maps for government and the public alike. In the United States, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is responsible for topographic mapping. There are over 54,000 quadrangles (map sheets) that cover every inch of the United States. The USGS primary scale for mapping topographic maps is 1:24,000. This means that one inch on the map equals 24,000 inches on the ground, the equivalent of 2000 feet. These quadrangles are called 7.5 minute quadrangles because they show an area that is 7.5 minutes of longitude wide by 7.5 minutes of latitude high. These paper sheets are approximately 29 inches high and 22 inches wide. Isolines Topographic maps use a wide variety of symbols to represent human and physical features. Among the most striking are the topo maps display of the topography or terrain of the area. Contour lines are used to represent elevation by connecting points of equal elevation. These imaginary lines do a nice job of representing the terrain. As with all isolines, when contour lines lie close together, they represent a steep slope; lines far apart represent a gradual slope. Contour Intervals Each quadrangle uses a contour interval (the distance in elevation between contour lines) appropriate for that area. While flat areas may be mapped with a five-foot contour interval, rugged terrain may have a 25-foot or more contour interval. Through the use of contour lines, an experienced topographic map reader can easily visualize the direction of stream flow and the shape of the terrain. Colors Most topographic maps are produced at a large enough scale to show individual buildings and all streets in cities. In urbanized areas, larger and specific important buildings are represented in black though the urbanized area surrounding them is represented with a red shading. Some topographic maps also include features in purple. These quadrangles have been revised solely through aerial photographs and not by the typical field checking that is involved with the production of a topographic map. These revisions are shown in purple on the map and can represent newly urbanized areas, new roads, and even new lakes. Topographic maps also use standardized cartographic conventions to represent additional features such as the color blue for water and green for forests. Coordinates Several different coordinate systems are shown on topographic maps. In addition to latitude and longitude, the base coordinates for the map, these maps show UTM grids, township and range, and others. Source Campbell, John. Map Use and Analysis. 1991. Monmonier, Mark. How to Lie With Maps. Wilford, John Noble. Mapmakers.

Who were the two people who discovered Calculus Essay

Who were the two people who discovered Calculus - Essay Example The first person to come up with the calculus was Newton, owing to new historical findings (Sastry 3), moreover, he did this by developing standard differential algorithms, which were later expounded further by Leibniz after two decades (Sastry 3). This proves that Newton was the original inventor of the calculus although there have been accusations of plagiarism from Newton’s supporters towards Leibniz. However, it has been exposed that Leibniz arrived at calculus on his own independent efforts despite having his discoveries known later to the world after Newton’s. This makes Leibniz the second inventor of calculus, meaning that all of the philosophers made their own discoveries independently. Therefore, with this in mind, each scholar made his own discovery in his own respective place. Isaac Newton made his discoveries in London, but with constant correspondence with Leibniz due to clarifications that Leibniz required to explain his theories later (Sastry 3). Despite the accusation of plagiarism and propaganda against him, Leibniz made his discoveries in Germany. In conclusion, Leibniz and Newton made the discovery of the calculus, despite their independent studies and differences. For this reason, they are co-inventors of the calculus with controversial views and chronological airing of their findings. In conclusion, Leibniz and Newton made the discovery of the calculus, despite their independent studies and differences. For this reason, they are co-inventors of the calculus with controversial views and chronological airing of their

Assesment instrumnt in diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assesment instrumnt in diversity - Essay Example On the other hand, Pre-employment Assessment gives the company an idea or a glimpse on the nature of the person that they are about to hire. All if not majority of companies are using pre-employment assessment to prevent hiring mistakes and losing their money down the drain. In a survey of recent college graduates, 95% said they would be willing to make a false statement in their rà ©sumà ©s in order to get a job. Forty-one percent admitted they had already done so, according to a report in Nations Business (Profiles International, 2010). Now let us compare and contrast the two forms of assessment. Both gives a glimpse on the personal and professional performance of a certain individual. It shows the individual’s strength and weaknesses. The difference of career exploration assessment from the Pre-employment assessment is the purpose of the assessment. The purpose of the career exploration assessment is to give the individual a glimpse on what kind of career would suit his or her personality and skills. It was taken by the individual himself/herself through self-efficacy – usually for his/her own professional growth and career choice. While the Pre-employment was given by the company to the individual who wants to be a part of that profession. The purpose of this assessment is to let the company have a glimpse whether the individual that they are about to hire has the skills, personality, and attitude needed for the job. Two issues that may be encountered in using a career exploration assessment are: it’s fairness in a multi-cultural setting and it’s validity and reliability. First, is it’s fair when we look in the light of a multi-cultural setting? What is the assurance that the questionairres that is being used gathered the same kind of data no matter what the culture of a certain test taker is? Would the result be true across culture? Secondly, is it’s validity and reliability. There are times when the test

EVALUATION REPORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

EVALUATION REPORT - Essay Example I arranged all the props that were necessary for my film. In my opinion, the location was satisfactory for this project. The worst thing with my film was the casting. I believe it is not only my fault. At first, my group members and I agreed to find only two actors for each one’s films. However, I was told one week before the filming that we have to look for them individually. I started searching quickly to find actors. In casting call pro, I sent emails to some professional actors but they were all busy. I then sent an email to an actress in Starnow Co., U.K. but she was a singer. I asked her if she knows any actor. She said she knows someone but the actor was a puppeteer. They agreed to be in my film. They went to the location but they were two hours late. It was difficult working with them because they were not real professional actors. I had to let them act in my film because they were in Salisbury and it was not going to cost too much. I know that casting is really import ant but in this project I failed to find the perfect cast. I can however say that all my group members were very supportive while we were filming. Sound I was the sound designer for Nathan Webber’s film. I cannot say I did it correctly because Nathan’s script was not ready until the filming day. I was only able to read the script on the filming day itself. I have a Sony and Warner Bros. CD sound effects library. I shared the CDs with them. In my film, Lara Hewitt was my sound designer. She did quite well while I was editing. She mixed sounds separately and we incorporated them in my film. We tried to mix them correctly and I think it turned out well. I used the boom in Lara’s film. I tried to use it correctly as we have seen in the workshop before the filming week. Cinematography Cinematography is my main interest and I believe it will be my specialization in the future. I really enjoyed being a cinematographer in Leanne Lewis’s film. Before we filmed it, I watched the Kodak tutorial DVD series on cinematography. I also read the book of Vittorio Storaro to understand the lighting theory. I tried to apply what I have seen for Leanne’s film. In her script, there was a hospital scene. To create a curtain shadow effect, I used blinds. I know it was not perfect but it was acceptable under studio circumstances. There were only two camera setups in her film and there were no difficult shots. I tried to do framing as Leanne told me. In my film, Leanne was my D.O.P and I believe she did well. Nathan also helped her. For sure, there were some wrong lighting setups. Directing As a director, it was so difficult for me to work with the actors whom I mentioned above. Moreover, it was my first film. It is even more difficult to talk about the shots. I think that only some of them were correct. I had to cross the line in one shot while the actress was sitting because of the fire exit behind her. Due to the nasty background, I decided to chan ge the shot. Even if I know that using zoom is not natural, I wanted to use the zoom shot to create some emotional effects. I would have preferred using the dolly rather than the zoom shots. Leanne was using the camera and I believe she did it naturally and so with her slow zoom shots. Scriptwriting I believe my idea was good enough for this project. However, because of the limited conditions of the location, I had to change the end of the story. I was told to use only one part of the cafe but it

Business Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Report - Essay Example The report explains the comparison of the three companies with respect to different aspects and it also explains the decision of the analyst as to which company is the best to invest $500,000. The companies are Coca-Cola Amatil Limited, Qantas Airways Limited and Woolworths Limited; they are from different sectors like beverage, aviation and retailing industry respectively. They are well known in their respective industries and aims to grow further in future. The companies are having strong financial position and have undertaken several corporate social responsibility activities which have made them strong in the world of business. The financial performance of the companies is evaluated by ratio analysis. The result is revealing the financial strength of Qantas Airways Limited. The corporate governance performance and the Corporate Social Responsibility of the company are also better than the others. Introduction An investment decision is not made in hurry; it is good to evaluate all the elements of the company before investing. Not only the financial performance is identified but also other elements alike the corporate governance and CSR activities are evaluated in making an investment decision. The three companies are different in their operation and are from different industries but still a comparison can be made with respect to the above elements which are elaborated in the next few sections. The report seeks to find the best company to invest in out of the three companies selected. It elaborates the facts regarding the financial performance of the companies and also the overall performance of the company. The data for the ratio analysis of the three companies are obtained from the each of the company’s Annual report 2012. The ratio analysis of the three companies shows that Qantas Airways Limited is performing well financially. The corporate governance statements of the companies are compared to get the best corporate structure, ethical practices. T he report also elaborates the facts regarding the companies that are efficient in handling political issues, globalization and public issues. Lastly the best of three companies is identified by comparing all the aspects and in which the investment will be made so as to give a good return after a period of time. After the overall analysis it can be said that the investment can be made in Qantas airways limited. Coca-Cola Amatil Limited The â€Å"largest bottlers of non-alcoholic ready to drink beverages, Coca-Cola Amatil  (CCA) has given unbeatable performance over the years and has become the only trusted brand in Asia Pacific region† (Coca-Cola Amatil Limited, 2013a) . It is basically headquartered in Australia and the Coca-Cola Company has 29% shareholding in Coca-Cola Amatil Limited. They are ranked the best among the world’s five important bolters. It has its operation in New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Samoa and Fiji. It has diversified in t he production of products

Generational differences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Generational differences - Essay Example There needs to be respect, acceptance and harmony among the different generations in order for smooth progress to occur. Various characteristics of my generation have enabled me to develop into the kind of individual that I am. Technological advancements have made things much easier such as travelling and getting information. I therefore believe that I am more knowledgeable on a variety of things based on the ease of access of information through the internet. The social life of Generation Y has also expanded through social networks and it is easier to have international friends. This means that communication is fast and effective through text messages emails and social networks and has aided in international marketing through these venues. The generation Y prefers management that caring rather than competent which is another unique factor. Unfortunately, the other generations may view the ease with which my generation does things in a negative way. They feel that we are after instant gratification and do not care about work yet have high expectations in life. According to them, our generation uses cryptic messages and move from one job to another and therefore when assigned to a multi-generational work group the cooperation may not be well enhanced. However, I disagree with this view and believe that they have misunderstood the Y generation. This is because we not only focus on having work, but also working in a comfortable environment that respects and appreciates our opinions. The messages we send are simply short forms to save on time. They mistake our focus to get things done fast and effectively for instant gratifications. The differences in opinions and judging on different generations, this may lead t conflict at work. The older generation may undermine the opinions of the generation Y because they believe that we are after instant gratification and are not focusing on maintaining one

Business Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Report - Essay Example The report explains the comparison of the three companies with respect to different aspects and it also explains the decision of the analyst as to which company is the best to invest $500,000. The companies are Coca-Cola Amatil Limited, Qantas Airways Limited and Woolworths Limited; they are from different sectors like beverage, aviation and retailing industry respectively. They are well known in their respective industries and aims to grow further in future. The companies are having strong financial position and have undertaken several corporate social responsibility activities which have made them strong in the world of business. The financial performance of the companies is evaluated by ratio analysis. The result is revealing the financial strength of Qantas Airways Limited. The corporate governance performance and the Corporate Social Responsibility of the company are also better than the others. Introduction An investment decision is not made in hurry; it is good to evaluate all the elements of the company before investing. Not only the financial performance is identified but also other elements alike the corporate governance and CSR activities are evaluated in making an investment decision. The three companies are different in their operation and are from different industries but still a comparison can be made with respect to the above elements which are elaborated in the next few sections. The report seeks to find the best company to invest in out of the three companies selected. It elaborates the facts regarding the financial performance of the companies and also the overall performance of the company. The data for the ratio analysis of the three companies are obtained from the each of the company’s Annual report 2012. The ratio analysis of the three companies shows that Qantas Airways Limited is performing well financially. The corporate governance statements of the companies are compared to get the best corporate structure, ethical practices. T he report also elaborates the facts regarding the companies that are efficient in handling political issues, globalization and public issues. Lastly the best of three companies is identified by comparing all the aspects and in which the investment will be made so as to give a good return after a period of time. After the overall analysis it can be said that the investment can be made in Qantas airways limited. Coca-Cola Amatil Limited The â€Å"largest bottlers of non-alcoholic ready to drink beverages, Coca-Cola Amatil  (CCA) has given unbeatable performance over the years and has become the only trusted brand in Asia Pacific region† (Coca-Cola Amatil Limited, 2013a) . It is basically headquartered in Australia and the Coca-Cola Company has 29% shareholding in Coca-Cola Amatil Limited. They are ranked the best among the world’s five important bolters. It has its operation in New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Samoa and Fiji. It has diversified in t he production of products

Why cloning and selling meat without FDA approval is unethical Research Paper

Why cloning and selling meat without FDA approval is unethical - Research Paper Example Society is struggling with the issues of how much is really known about cloning, how much society really wants to know about cloning and what is there to know about cloning if there was full disclosure (Brizek et al, p.1) Cloning is a highly controversial topic in the world at present. Many people are of the view that cloning should not be conducted among living things including animals since it is against the principles of nature. They are of the view that the natural principles which sustain life on earth would be changed if cloning is accepted as an option for the betterment of life. Most of the religions are also against cloning citing ethical reasons. At the same time, there are many people who support cloning because of their belief that cloning may enhance human life further. In any case, cloning on animals is going on at present and cloned food items are available large in number in stores at present. Cloned food items such as meat, milk etc are entering the American market m ore rapidly at present. Lots of food products are produced out of cloned meat and milk which are used by the public unknowingly. Since the society still reserves severe concerns about the ethics and morality of conducting cloning, many people are of the view that cloned foods should not be allowed to enter the market. Consumers have still many illusions and opinions about the safety of using cloned food items because of the misleading information they received from different Medias about cloned foods. This paper analyses the morality of using selling cloned food items without the approval of FDA. One of the study conducted by FDA pointed towards the increased practices of cloning by food companies, as well as the limited public knowledge and information of the practice (Brizek et al, p.4). In other words, people are getting cloned foods from stores at present without their knowledge. No food manufacturers are putting any labels on cloned food items in order to differentiate it from other normal food items. Consumers have the right to know about the origin of the food they are purchasing. By selling cloned foods, food companies are cheating the public which is unethical. If all the consumers have no problem in using cloned foods, then there is no necessity to put labels on cloned food items. However, majority of the public have many concerns about using cloned foods and under such circumstances selling of cloned food without labels is unethical. â€Å"In January of 2008, after results of numerous studies proving the scientific safety of food and food products from cloned animals or genetically modified food crops, the FDA declared that it would not require any special labeling on such foods† (Brizek et al, p.6). Even though many of the tests conducted by FDA and other authorities with respect to the safety and security of using cloned foods revealed positive results, it should be noted that these tests cannot be 100% reliable. Most of these tests analyse s the fat or acidity levels of the cloned and normal foods. Even though, some studies found slight differences in the acidity levels, all the other parameters of cloned foods and normal foods remained almost same. However, it should be note that these tests cannot predict anything about the possibility of genetic contamination among cloned foods. Cloning is a process which relies heavily on genetic engineering. The defects of genes used to make cloned foods cannot be identified easily. In other words, it is difficult to test the genetic components involved in cloned food items. According to one FDA official, although others disagree, cloned animals are more likely to have birth defects and health problems when they are young, but after 50

Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Analysis Essay Example for Free

Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Analysis Essay Introduction In the novel Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen identifies the key components of successful marriage – love, tolerance, affection and financial stability. The whole novel is written to underline the importance of marriage which shouldn’t be based on social status, wealth or affection of the youth. For her time the author was very radical as she strongly defended marriage for love, whereas in those times it was prestigious to marry for financial stability and social status. Through her characters – Elizabeth, Mrs. Bennet and Mr. Darcy – she shows the right and wrong attitudes towards the ideal marriage. Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy represent true love and true relationships, whereas Mrs. Bennet is motivated only by wealth when she decides to get her beloved daughters married. Through characters Austen makes readers believe that love and happiness can’t be bought. Character Analysis Mrs. Bennet is characterized as a miraculously tiresome character. Moreover, she is frivolous and too foolish. Mrs. Bennet is an irritating woman who becomes obsessed with idea to get her daughters married simply to improve her financial stability and social status as after her husband’s death she has been refused certain social entertainments. She cares for nothing in the world except money. Austen is willing to show that Mrs. Bennet does lack sense of virtue and property, and, what is more awful, she is not interested in intellectual and emotional education of her five daughters. Mrs. Bennet affects the attitudes of her younger daughters – Lydia and Charlotte Lucas – towards marriage. Mrs. Bennet is very pleased when Lydia gets married to an officer and she never reproaches her for shameful behavior. However, she can’t be blame as she was married only for beautiful appearance and she didn’t see another life. I think the author introduces Mrs. Bennet to highlight the necessity of marriage for young ladies. In contrast to Mrs. Bennet the author introduces the character of Elizabeth to show true virtues and necessity of love and happiness. Elizabeth is the most quick-witted and intelligent. Moreover, Elizabeth is clever, lovely and brilliant. Her positive character traits enable her to rise above shameful conduct of her mother and sisters. Elizabeth is strong enough to overcome all difficulties and to get married for love, not for financial stability or higher social status. Elizabeth is entailed with sharp tongue and ability for hasty judgments. She is the only character who manages to make Darcy love her for personality and who overcomes the power of prejudice: â€Å"My feelings will not be repressed. You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you†. (p.35) We see that Elizabeth has pride in her abilities to express herself and to perceive the truth. Mr. Darcy is one more positive character in the novel who overcomes prejudice and finds his true love – Elizabeth. Mr. Darcy is a wealthy aristocrat being extremely conscious of class differences.   Nevertheless, he has sense of virtue and honor. Firstly, he is not interested in Elizabeth saying that â€Å"she is tolerable; but not handsome enough to tempt me; and I am in no humour at present to give consequence to young ladies who are slighted by other men†. (p.13) However, with novel progression his character transforms and he recognized his faults of prejudice and pride. His character affects the novel as, despite high social status and wealth, he manages to overcome prejudice and to show that marriage should be based on love. He proves that a man should love women for her intelligence and personality, not only for beautiful appearance. Conclusion Mrs. Bennet, Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy affect the novel in different ways. Mrs. Bennet symbolizes misconception of true marriage as she is obsessed with financial stability and social status. Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy represent true virtues in the novel as they teach others that marriage should be grounded on love, happiness, and attraction. Works Cited Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. UK, London: Penquin Books, 2005.

The Whaling And Whale Watching Industry Tourism Essay

The Whaling And Whale Watching Industry Tourism Essay The ecotourism industry, once a niche market for the environmentally concerned travellers is getting more popular in the recent years and the number of tourists participating in this particular tourism segment is increasing (Wood, 2001). Ecotourism initially describe the nature-based travel to relatively undisturbed areas with education as the main purpose. Through the years, the concept of ecotourism has matured to a definition that should comprise of a few elements including nature-based, active participation, progressive education travel, interpretation of natural environments, social and cultural components, involvement and returns for the local community and also the management to be ecologically and environmentally sustainable (Parks, Parks, Allen, 2009). In ecotourism, the activities can range from a few hours of nature appreciation to a long duration tour that will take months. This includes activities such as presentation of the marine biology on a cruise (cetacean-watching), a guided tour in a national park, snorkelling and many more. The main objective of this essay is to further discuss whale-watching, a type of cetacean watching, around the world and if this activity is affecting the behaviours of the whales population near the coastal area. Whale-watching Whale-watching is a commercial activity that is carried out by the tourists to observe, swim with and/or listen to the whales in their natural habitat. These activities are normally for recreation purpose; however whale-watching can also serve scientific and educational purpose. During the past years, a phenomenal growth for whale watching as tourism activity has been observed around the world. This particular activity has involved an estimated of 9 million participants yearly in 87 countries and generates approximately US$1 billion each year (Hoyt, 2000) With the lucrative profit from obtainable from whale-watching activity, this have led to heated debates on the whale-watching and whaling industry. It has been argued that whaling is incompatible with whale-watching (Parsons Draheim, A reason not to support whaling a tourism impact case study from the Dominican Republic, 2009). In a survey conducted, it was found out that 91.4% of whale-watching tourists would not go to countries whereby they hunt whales for commercial purpose to engage in whale watching; and that 79% of them would even boycott visiting the country (Parsons and Rawles, 2003, cited in (Parsons Draheim, A reason not to support whaling a tourism impact case study from the Dominican Republic, 2009)). A few of the more popular sites for whale-watching includes: Kaikoura, New Zealand; Tofino and Telegraph Cove, in British Columbia, Canada; Ogata and Ogasawara, Japan; Friday Harbour, Washington, USA; Hervey Bay, Byron Bay, and Monkey Mia, Australia; Husavik, Iceland and many more. According to Hoyt (2000), the most common focal species for whale-watching industries are the humpback whales, gray whales, northern and southern right whales, blue whales, minke whales, sperm whales, short-finned pilot whales, orcas and bottlenose dolphin. Despite the benefits obtained from whale-watching activity, operators should take caution while carrying out these activities as the recreational activities in the inshore water can pose a major threat to the whales and dolphins. The threats can due to direct cause such as injuries due to accidental cuts by the boatà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s propeller, or an indirect stress to them from the high frequency sounds made by the vesselà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s motor. In order to prevent such harms towards the animals, the operators should follow by the marine code of conduct in order to protect the animalà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s welfare. There are different set of code of conduct that are used across the world but the common rules found in these code includes maintaining a certain distance from the animals, maintain a predictable course and speed when near the animals and also move away if signs of disturbance are displayed by the animals. However, is it sufficient to just adhere to the code of conduct and should there be more actions to be undertaken by the government to aid in the sustainability of this tourism activity. Several studies have been carried out throughout several regions to discuss more on the issues of the whale-watching activities and whether this activity is sustainable. Literature Reviews Whaling and Whale-Watching Debates have been going on worldwide on the issue on whether whaling can co-exist with whale-watching in a region. It has been stated that there is an urgent need to evaluate the cultural and the environmental values of the tourists and find out what are the factors that attracts or discourages them from participating in whale-watching activity (Higham, 2007 and Lusseau, 2008, cited in (Parsons Draheim, A reason not to support whaling a tourism impact case study from the Dominican Republic, 2009)). However, there are rebuttal on such claims, indicating that the fact whereby countries such as Iceland, Japan and Norway all engage in active whaling and yet have whale-watching activities within their countries and thus it is not valid to argue that whaling and whale-watching are incompatible (Corkeron, 2006, cited in (Parsons Draheim, A reason not to support whaling a tourism impact case study from the Dominican Republic, 2009)). According to Parson and Draheim (2009), the tourists whom participated in cetacean tourism tend to hold strong environmental values and thus may have very strong sentiments against whaling. Also, tourism receipts is the major source of economic income for the Dominican Republic, any activity that may affects the stability of this income could have major impacts within the country. The study also shows that with a highly visible national policy towards cetacean conservation, and opposition to the hunting and capture of cetaceans, it would be beneficial in attracting tourists to the country, whereas a visible pro-whaling policy might repel the tourists (Parsons Draheim, A reason not to support whaling a tourism impact case study from the Dominican Republic, 2009). Higham and Lusseau, (2008) also state that the answer to whether whaling and whale-watching activity can coexist depends largely in the perceptions, values and behaviours of the tourists themselves. Effects of whale-watching on the animals Despite the lucrative profits that can be obtained from whale-watching activity, the well-being of the animals involved in the activity, which mainly includes the cetaceans should be emphasised, which thus leads to increasing number of studies focusing on whether the whale-watching activity will cause disturbance to the animals. Disturbance in this case is defined as the negative influence that interferes with the natural behaviour of cetaceans and has a harmful outcome (Ritter, 2003, cited in (Stamation, Croft, Shaughnessy, Waples, Briggs, 2009)). One of such studies was carried out in the whale-watching site at New South Wales (NSW). The main focus of whale-watching in NSW is the humpback whales, although there are also tours to watch other marine mammals such as dolphins and seals. Most of the watching will occur during the whaleà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s southern migration when the whales move much slower than on their passage northwards. Signs of disturbance in the humpback whales around the world include orientation away from the vessel, increased in swimming speeds, prolonged submergence and changes in the respiration behaviour and such avoidance behaviour are observed in this study (Stamation, Croft, Shaughnessy, Waples, Briggs, 2009). As this study is a short term study, it cannot be used to conclude that such avoidance behaviours will cause any detrimental outcome for the whales involved. However, the possibilities of inducing negative long-term effects onto the whales due to the reduction of the time spent foraging; resting, socializing or suckling should not be ignored. Conservative approach on the management of the humpback whale-watching industry should be adopted to ensure that the short term impacts that was discovered in this study does not translate to the long term impacts (Stamation, Croft, Shaughnessy, Waples, Briggs, 2009). Another study has been done on the killer whales to find out the behavioural responses of this species towards the whale-watching boats. It was stated that with the exposure of millions of the tourists to the animals in their natural environment, this may change the attitudes towards the protection of the critical habitat and threatened populations. Guidelines for whale-watching should be based on the actual impacts of the human activity on the whale behaviour instead of the perceived effects. Once again, it have being emphasised that when a whale is been disturbed, it shows sign of avoidance either by varying the duration of its dives, or by swimming faster or altering the direction of swimming. Antagonistic behaviours such as slapping flukes or fins on the surface of the water may also be displayed. Since the changes in behaviours of the whales are observed when boats are near, management of whale-watching should adopt more conservative distance guidelines to present even greater b enefit to the animals (Williams, Trites, Bain, 2002). Sustainability of whale-watching As mentioned above, whale-watching industry has enjoyed a phenomenal growth and brings in lucrative profit for the community that carries out this activity. With that, there are more participants in this industry and hence leading to an increasing number of regulations and guidelines that were developed in an attempt to ensure the sustainability of the industry. The need to develop appropriate guidelines for the commercial whale-watching activities should be attend to. Also, with the limited data available on the species and their behaviours there will be an urgent need to develop new knowledge and understanding to help guide management of the industry (Valentine, Birtles, Curnock, Arnold, Dunstan, 2004). The sustainability of the whale-watching activity and its associated benefits could be significantly affected by the changes in the occurrence of the local cetacean species in response to the global climate change. Global climate change refers to the net change in climate over time which is a consequence of either natural variability or human activity. It has been identified that both direct and indirect means by which changing of the sea surface temperature could affect the cetacean distribution. With that, it can cause the change in range of species distribution, the occurrence and abundance of individuals and the timing and lengths of migrations; the effects on reproductive success and mortality levels. The above have clearly shown the potential implications for both cetacean species and whale-watching tourism (Lambert, Hunter, Pierce, MacLeod, 2010). Findings Studies on the operations of the whale-watching activities in two different regions, New Zealand and Iceland have been done. Whale-watching in New Zealand At Kaikoura, New Zealand, the male sperm whales are the primary focus for the commercially important whale-watching industry. With the growing industry, there is an increase in the concerns over the social, educational and environmental impacts of whale-watching on both the local human and whale populations. The cetacean relies on echolocation for foraging and communication, hence these species becomes exceptionally vulnerable to changes in their acoustic environment. For example, the addition of anthropogenic sound sources via the boats presence (research boat and whale-watching boats) results in a reduction of the mean blow interval of the whales. These tendencies to shorten breath are due to the stress respond by the animals (Richter, Dawson, Slooten, 2006). On top of the decreased respiratory periods, shorter surfacing intervals and sharp directional changes have also been identified as potentially unacceptable changes in behaviour. The above are evidences that are enough to suggest that the whale-watching industry in Kaikoura is having an adverse effect on the whales (Curtin, 2003). Whale-watching in Iceland In Iceland the whale-watching industry did not begin until 1990 and the country is becoming a major player rapidly within the international whale-watching market (Parsons Rawles, 2010). As the coastal water of Iceland host a variety of cetacean species which includes the humpback whales, minke whales, blue whales and killer whales that are the target of whale-watching operations. Although the whaling activity in the Icelandic waters had ceased in 1989, but then whaling resumes during 2003 despite there is no legal process for that. The Icelandic government did little consideration on how the resume of the commercial whaling might impact on the whale-watching industry. And through the studies, it was discovered that the resumption of commercial whaling could cause a massive and critical reduction in the number of whale-watching tourist going on whale-watching trips in Iceland which in turn results in a loss of direct income (Parsons Rawles, 2010). Since whale-watching is currently the pillar of the Icelandic economy, thus care must be taken so that the Icelandic government does not destroy it. Analysis Through the reviews of the studies that have been done on the whale-watching activity in various regions, particularly New Zealand and Iceland, it can be concluded that the whale-watching industry is a growing industry that is bound to bring in high revenue for the community that is conducting such activities. However, the whale-watching activity that is being carried out can cause disturbance to the cetaceans in the regions which leads to the change in behaviours of these animals. These changes in behaviours can cause adverse effect on the animals. On top of that, the whale-watching activity might cause direct injuries to these animals through the cuts by the propeller of the boats. Another issue is that commercial whaling should not coexist with the whale-watching activity. As it has been found out that most of the whale-watchers are very environmentally motivated and they display great interest in the animal welfare issues (Parsons Rawles, 2010). Since majority of the whale-watchers have voiced out that they would boycott visiting a country that conducts hunts for cetaceans, places with whale-watching activity should consider with care regarding the implementation of whaling activity in the region since whale-watching can bring in high revenue for the destination and that introduction of whaling might bring down the benefit of whale-watching. Recommendation Voluntary approaches are being considered as an important tool for the conservation and environmental management. The voluntary approaches towards conservation can include agreements between regulatory agencies and private enterprise, agreements among the industrial firms, or code of conduct within a professional or industrial group (Wiley, Moller, Pace III, Carlson, 2008). Voluntary agreement to the operational procedures can be established for commercial whale-watching vessels that are used to view the endangered or protected species of whales. Guidelines can be created to avoid whale strikes and to prevent the whale-watching boats from disrupting the animals. This is important as in some of the areas, commercial whale-watching boats have a relatively high frequency of collisions with the whales, contributing high noise levels around the whales, disrupting whale behaviour and reducing the reproductive fitness of the whale (Wiley, Moller, Pace III, Carlson, 2008). Besides the use of voluntary approach, collaborative relationships can be established between the whale-watching companies and the related organizations and individuals that make up the organizational field. These collaborations can play an important role in structuring the relationships and understandings of members of the field (Lawrence, Phillips, Hardy, 1999). By collaboration, it refers to a cooperative, inter-organisational relationship that is negotiated in an ongoing communicative method. Science education Conclusion

A Farewell To Arms By Ernest Hemingway :: essays research papers

A Farewell to Arms Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many novels use contrast images of the land or surroundings to contribute to the central meaning of the work. In Ernest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms the foil images of Italy and Switzerland help shape the theme of the book which is the cruelty of war and what it does to people. The descriptions of the two countries, Italy and Switzerland, are greatly different and represent two types of places. On one hand, Italy is a site of cruelty and death. Here is where all of the war and fighting takes place throughout the novel. The front and plains in Italy are described to be where all the death and disaster happen to the armies and the volunteers. Henry and the other men even were wounded with not even being in battle. They were just eating some cheese and drinking some wine when they were bombed. Here many of the people lost hope and moral because of the death surrounding them. Rinaldi even told Henry that â€Å"this war is killing me, I am very depressed by it.† A major even told Henry â€Å"It has been bad. You couldn’t believe how bad it’s been. I’ve often thought you (Henry) were lucky to be hit when you were.† This shows how death and the war affected everyone making them dejected and downhearted. It got so bad Henry even decided to escape from the Italian army and leave the front to escape to Switzerland. On the other hand, Switzerland is a place of peace and hope because no fighting took place here. Switzerland was neutral during the war so it was a perfect place to escape the cruelty of war. In this land of mountains is where the Priest’s homeland was. The Priest symbolized morals and goodness, so that is why it’s a wonderful place for people to regain hope and confidence of survival. This is a good reason why Catherine and Henry decided to start their new life in the comfort of Switzerland. They knew there that them and the baby would be safe from the disasters related to the war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These contrast descriptions of the two countries and their landforms form one of the themes of the novel. The descriptions of the plains and the front in Italy demonstrate how cruel a war can be and how it affects all the people around it.

Dyslexia :: essays research papers

DYSLEXIA AND THE PHONOLOGICAL MODEL Over one hundred years ago, in November 1896, a doctor in Sussex, England, published the first description of the learning disorder that would come to be known as developmental dyslexia. "Percy F.,... aged 14,... has always been a bright and intelligent boy," wrote W. Pringle Morgan in the "British Medical Journal," "quick at games, and in no way inferior to others of his age. His great difficulty has been--and is now--his inability to learn to read.† (Sec 3) In that brief introduction, Morgan captured the illness that has intrigued and frustrated scientists for a century. In 2000 as in 1896, reading ability is taken as a substitute for intelligence; most people assume that if someone is smart, motivated and schooled, he or she will learn to read. But the experience of millions of dyslexics, like Percy F., has shown that assumption to be false. In dyslexia, the relation between intelligence and reading ability breaks down. Early explanations of dyslexia in the 1920s, held that defects in the visual system were to blame for the reversals of letters and words thought to typify dyslexic reading. Eye training was often prescribed to overcome these alleged visual defects. Later research has shown, however, that children with dyslexia are not unusually prone to reversing letters or words and that the deficit responsible for the disorder is related to the language system. In particular, dyslexia reflects a deficiency in the processing of the distinctive linguistic units, called phonemes that make up all spoken and written words. Current linguistic models of reading and dyslexia now provide an explanation of why some very intelligent people have trouble learning to read and performing other language-related tasks. Over the past twenty years, a consistent model of dyslexia has emerged that is based on phonological processing. The phonological model is consistent both with the clinical symptoms of dyslexia and with what neuroscientists know about brain organization and function. To understand how the phonological model works, one first has to consider the way in which language is processed in the brain. Researchers theorize the language system as a hierarchical series of modules or components, each devoted to a particular aspect of language. At the upper levels of the hierarchy are components involved with semantics (vocabulary or word meaning), syntax (grammatical structure) and discourse (connected sentences). At the lowest level of the hierarchy is the phonological module, which is dedicated to processing the distinctive sound elements that constitute language.

Pest

Name: Kimberly Hodge 1. Using APA citations to support your statements, explain what a PEST table is and why it is important to an organization (1-2 paragraphs). Pest Analysis is a frame work that strategy consultants uses to scan the mirco environment in which the firm operates. (Value Based 2013) PEST is Political, Ecomonic, Social factor and Techonolgies factors. Companies will use this in workshops and it will make the managmenets brainstorm techniques using PEST for strategic plannings, marketing planning or development in the business or the production. (Value Based 2013) 2.Include an explanation of the organization and environment you are focusing on in the PEST table (3-5 sentences): I answer #4 before I answer this one. It is combine of both questions. The organization would be my bike shop. I would use this table to think how this would affct my employees and the consumers. Political section, with the Furlough going on and unemployment numbers are going up.. I need to be aw are that I will have good days and bad days with sales. The next couple months were be good month because income refunds are coming in and people want to buy and spend but then at the same time consumers may be saving as well.International trades will be affecting my bike shop because some of the bikes are shipped from France, Switzerland and other countries. I need to be aware this could affect my business as well.. Social is a huge impact for any business. And I think economic influences social a lot. Then Technologies, there are always new gadgets that are being added to the bikes or can be purchased to add to the bike. As a management, I have to be aware that when I promote new technology, I need to let them know what is new and how does it work. 3. 4. Identify 3-5 items in each category and post them in the PEST table below.Provide enough detail to explain your thoughts for each item. One or two lines will suffice for each item; please avoid using one-word, generic items within the table. Political1. Tax policies2. political stability3. safety regluations4. international trade regulations and restricitions5. contract enforcement law consumer protection| economic1. stage of the business cycle2. consumer confidence3. exchange rates/inflaction rates4. Interest rates and montery policies5. unemployment policy| SOCIAL1. income distriubiton2. labor/social mobility3. lifestyle changes4. health consciousness and welfare, feelings on saftey5. iving conditions| TECHOLOGY1. government research spending2. new inventions and development3. energy use and costs4. rate of technology transfer5. life cycle and speed of technological obsolescence| 5. If you were the leader of the organization used here, how would you utilize the information in the PEST graph, and what changes would you make based on your results? How would those changes affect the success of the business? (1-2 paragraphs) When I am leader of the organization, I will need to look each catergory and determine what are affecting our people in our country.People may be looking for changes or having trouble adapting to changes. Why are the changes happening like the example in the book talking about when the records were going out and the CD were coming in and it happened almost over night. This means people who had record players did not have CD players.. The customers had to buy CD players before they could buy the CD. This is what I need to look, what will happen if I change something, does this mean the consumers will have to spend money to make something adapt to something such as CD player. With the government changes laws, it affects our people.Like recent event, the Furlough, I know some people are losing two days of work per payperiod, this will affect their paychecks which will affect the social. So as a leader, we have to look how each category will affect the next. 6. References (please use proper APA set up as you construct the reference list): Valued Based Management. Net (Ja nuary 2, 2013) http://www. valuebasedmanagement. net/methods_PEST_analysis. html GRADING RUBRIC Item| Point Value| Assignment Content| | In depth responses to all questions| 40| General Writing and APA compliance| 10| Total| 50|

Non Parametric and Chi-Square Distribution

Individual Paper #3: Non parametric and Chi-square distribution Brief Summary: I worked for a logistic company. My major responsibility was in charge of the storage and transportation of parts of cars between two areas, which are about 1400 miles apart. One of my jobs is collecting the goods from suppliers and arranging the trucks to deliver them. There are five truck drivers, and each of them is assigned to deliver on each weekday throughout a whole year. Before the delivery, we will check the quality of the goods and Make sure that there are no damaged goods.When arriving at the destination, the staff will check the goods again and record the damaged goods that occurred in transit. At the end of every month, we will pay for the compensation according to the number of the defective goods. In order to reduce the number of the damaged goods during the delivery, I want to identify the reasons why they are damaged. In this study, I want to find out that whether some drivers are more pro ne to make the goods damaged during their delivery.Variable to be measured: Two variables are to be measured. The first variable is just the five truck drivers, and the second one is the quality of the goods after the delivery. Determination of Population: Population in this case is defined as the all goods delivered from Tianjin area to Guangzhou area. Statistical method: To analyze relationship between the two variables above which are both nominal in terms of data type, I decide to use Chi-squared test of a contingency table. Sample Selection:The information about delivery is recorded in our computer system, including the delivery date, name of the driver, the number of damaged goods and so on. I take out the data about 52 weeks during the previous year and record them into the following table: | Quality| | Truck Driver| Passed| Damaged| Total| Driver A| | | | Driver B| | | | Driver C| | | | Driver D| | | | Driver E| | | | Total| | | | Hypothesis: The objective is to describe whe ther there is a relationship between the five drivers and the number of damaged goods.The null hypothesis will specify that there is no relationship between the two variables: H0 : The two variables are independent The alternative hypothesis specifies one variable affects the other, expressed as: H1 : The two variables are dependent Use the formula: ?2=i=1k(fi-ei)2ei ? =(r-1) (c-1) which calculates the test statistic. Or use the Excel by importing the data into the function of Data Analysis Plus, Contingency Table. Then I could acquire chi-squared Stat, p-value. The number of degrees of freedom v=(r-1)(c-1)=(5-1)(2-1)=4.If I employ a 5% significance level, the rejection region is X2> X2 a, v = X2 . 05, 4 = 9. 49 Comparing the results, if the p-value is greater than 9. 49, there is not enough evidence to infer that there is a relationship between the five drivers and the number of damaged goods; if the p-value is not greater than 9. 49, I can reject the null hypothesis in favor of th e alternative, which means there is a relationship between the five drivers and the number of damaged goods. So I can reduce the number of damaged goods through improving the drivers’ conditions.

Stateless Nation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Stateless Nation - Essay Example this research will be, â€Å"The past, present, and future prospects of the Kurds and Kurdistan.† The Kurds have lived in the hilly regions of Turkey and Iran for more than two thousand years. However, this typical group of people with an Indo-European background has never secured a home or national status (West 1). The Kurds, in the 1990s, the Turkish state evicted the Kurds. This stood as a resettlement rather than just an eviction, and the Kurds had to move out of their urban and rural entities that they initially had (Jongerden 4). The following disciplines will assist in researching about the Kurds on this topic: politics, historical, and behavioral. The Kurds have a rich history and this study will highlight their past struggles and illuminate reasons behind their statelessness. Many nations are also involved in the statelessness of Kurdistan. Researching on this aspect will elucidate the political factors intertwined with the Kurdistan (West). Finally, looking into the behavioral aspects of the Kurdistan will present the life these peoples life and impact of their statelessness on their information seeking behavior (Meho and Haas). Meho, Lokman I., and Stephanie W. Haas. â€Å"Information-Seeking Behavior and Use of Social Science Faculty Studying Stateless Nations: A Case Study.† Library & Information Science Research 23.1 (2001):

Politics of Professional Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Politics of Professional Practice - Essay Example Moreover, the consequences of their usage in the provision of healthcare to various stakeholders involved in the provision of healthcare have not been adequately explained. This paper will attempt to come up with clear explanations of the usage of support workers in order to foster the understanding of the impacts of their usage in the provision of healthcare to the patients. The paper will explicitly explain the roles of the support workers, as well as the risks posed by the use of the support workers mainly due to their lack of training. In addition, the paper will explain the regulation that has been put in place to regulate the activities of the healthcare support workers (HSW) and any regulation that should be put in place to regulate their future activities to ensure that their usage does not compromise the quality of healthcare provided by the NHS. The impact on the other stakeholders involved in the healthcare provision will also be explained. By so doing, we hope to have a c lear understanding of the different dimensions of usage of the healthcare support workers. The paper will mainly use the articles by the NHS, RCN and other relevant bodies, as well as the recent research findings to have a more recent perspective on the development of the issue of healthcare support workers. ... 4). The support workers in nursing healthcare are of significant important especially during periods where there is a shortage of the nursing students who have graduated from the nursing schools (Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Treasury Committee - 2007 p. 76). Generally, the shortage of nurses is the main reason that led to the integration of the support workers in the provision of healthcare services by the NHS. The support workers help in easing the workload on the nurses and other healthcare providers by providing the healthcare services that can easily be provided by other parties. The shortage of the nurses was mainly due to the low pay nurses receive compared to other professions (Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Treasury Committee, 2007, p. 76). The support workers perform several roles in the NHS; there are support workers who are involved in the performance of non-clinical activities, whose roles include catering, maintenance, and hotel services. In addition, other support workers are involved in clinical activities; they may be involved in the provision of primary care to the patients i.e. GP surgeries, provision of care in nursing homes, patients homes and walk-in hospitals. The support workers may also be involved in the provision of secondary healthcare to the patients, mainly involving the provision of healthcare services to the patients in the hospitals (NLIAH, 2009, p. 2). However, there has been a general evolvement in the work performed by the support workers perform, which was mainly done by either the doctors or the nurses before. The work performed by the support workers can also be categorized as primary care or secondary care. Primary care involves the

Strategy Implementation and Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategy Implementation and Control - Essay Example Companies when they become bigger they achieve economies of scale and so they can have competitive advantages. In addition, a merger/acquisition may help the company to reduce its foreign exchange exposure by having local manufacture rather than importing. Finally, other advantage may be that the company may alleviate its debts because the merging firm may take over the depts.. Some of the disadvantages have to do, especially when there are cross-border differences, with conflict among employees due to cultural differences. Sometimes, there may be the case of having negative reaction from the host country. The pros of the above strategy is that the two companies will be under the same roof and so it will be easier for a manager to manage them both. The cons may be the possibly different employee cultures. In order that a merger/acquisition becomes successful the company has to follow these steps: have good pre - and post- acquisition/merger planning, have effective leadership and adequate due diligence. Very important is also if the employee cultures are effectively merged, perhaps this is the most crucial factor. Another key factor of a successful acquisition is co-location i.e. the two companies should be brought under the same roof. The strategy is working when the two companies operate well together and they have market synergy. They have mutual understanding and they share each others funds, technology and markets. Very important is also if there are no cultural differences since this factor has led many mergers/acquisitions to failure. Operate the acquired company as a separate business entity. The result of this strategy will be two separate companies under one senior management "umbrella" (the senior management team that is responsible for running both companies). 1. What are the pros and cons of this implementation strategy The pros are that each company can operate independently but both companies can be evaluated in a strategic way. Independent operation is particularly good in case the companies have highly

Compare professional and non-professional correspondence Essay

Compare professional and non-professional correspondence - Essay Example One ought to speak slowly and clear in order for the listener to understand. Most importantly, one should use proper language and tone when addressing any person officially. One should e-mail a sergeant or sheriff in the formal way of writing a mail. This is because it is an official e-mail. Moreover, it should appear in the manner one writes a formal letter (Berlo, 2006). Therefore, there should be an address to the sergeant and the tone needs to be formal. Additionally, a sergeant or sheriff is a figure of authority and deserves the same level of communication as a sign of respect. Arguably, judicial communication is very formal. Therefore, when an individual meets a judge along the courthouse hallway, he or she is to take a bow. Additionally, one should address him or her as â€Å"your honor.† This is because it is the title given to the judge within the courtrooms. Moreover, judges differ and failure to bow could lead one to be in contempt of face. However, this depends on the judge. As a result, one needs to be on the safer

Pubic health priority in uk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pubic health priority in uk - Essay Example It has been also identified that the person smokes for more than one year for around 11 to 15 times. He is aware of the consequences of smoking and wants to quit this behaviour. Considering the intervention, it can be claimed that during designing and delivering a health promotion intervention for an individual, who is a smoker and it is essential to apply the five categorized strategies with the aim of achieving the objectives of integrated health promotion intervention. The intervention process is described below: In this contemporary era, the tendency of consuming tobacco has increased among the adults of the UK, which has caused several diseases among the smokers relating to chronic diseases. Thus, during the intervention process it will be highly essential to prepare an intervention procedure through which the tendency of consuming tobacco can be reduced among the adolescents. Thus, during this stage, it is essential to identify the time span the smoker has been consuming tobacco. At the same time, it is also vital to identify the number of cigarettes he has been consuming per day. Moreover, it is also required to know whether the person has attempted to quit the habit of smoking (Cepeda-Benito, & et. al., 2004). During this stage, it is highly essential to advice all tobacco users to stop consuming tobacco. In this regard, it is highly essential to make understand that respondent about importance of leaving or quit smoking in a clear manner through which the individual will able to understand the smoking involved threats. In this regard, it is essential to make the individual aware about the negative consequences of smoking and also need to provide real example in order to create doubt and fear inside the mind regarding smoking (Illinois Academy of Family Physicians, 2005). After gathering the essential

Baudrillards ideas on the film The Matrix Essay Example for Free

Baudrillards ideas on the film The Matrix Essay It has long been a condition of western culture to act for the accumulation of material objects. This is in part due to the capitalist nature of the world within which we live. Marx identifies in The Critique of Capitalism the emergence of two new classes of people, namely capitalists and labourers. The term capitalist describes any person who has personal ownership of capital, which consists of raw materials, instruments of labour and means of subsistence (Marx). In contrast a labourer has only the value of his labour (life activity), which he exchanges with the capitalist for a wage and as such the worker sinks to the level of commodity (Marx). Because the labourer produces for the capitalist a commodity of greater value than that of his wages and in addition those wages are paid back to the capitalist in return for subsistence, therefore social control in exerted over the working class, whilst providing the capitalist with excess commodity. The labourer consentingly becomes a slave to the system on which he depends. In addition Marx states that as the relation between capitalist and labourer (manufacturer and consumer) develops, so competition between rival capitalists becomes apparent. In effect the capitalist is forced to capture more of the market by selling goods more cheaply by the consolidation and exploitation of labour power e. g. by machinery. Such a strategy ultimately limits the demand for labour and so new industries must be developed for exploitation. These new industries are necessary because capital exists only in relation to its ability to command labour and social control and as such they reciprocally condition the existence of each other (Marx). These forced increases in demand and therefore production are evident in the contemporary world market. Important to the development of Capitalism is the use of money which abstracts labour and commodity values to a common unit for the purpose of trade. In effect the labourer discovers that the product of his activity is not the object of his activity (Marx) thus a level of abstraction occurs, which was consistent with the modernist values of the time. Karl Marx and early capitalism were mainly concerned with production which remains important but it was Situationist, Guy Debord, who gave the first insights into late capitalism and the theories that best apply to todays world economics and culture of commodities. Debord, in his book The Society of the Spectacle, bases his examination of commodities around consumption, media, information and technology. As such Debord suggests that in societies where modern conditions of production prevail, all of life presents itself as an immense accumulation of spectacles. Everything that was directly lived has moved away into a representation. By this he means to describe the world and its products as mere appearances, where the real meanings and values of commodities are translated into signs. Essentially it is a world vision that has been objectified (Debord). Debord explains the phenomenon of the spectacle as resulting from the ever increasing production of capitalism. Because competition between capitalists inevitably leads to an excess of produce, so consumer demand must be increased. Such an increase is controllable by the spectacle as the real consumer becomes a consumer of illusions, (Debord) so he can be manipulated to believe he must consume beyond the basic necessity for survival e. g. leisure products. Therefore the spectacles form and content are identically the total justification of the existing systems conditions and goals (Debord). The spectacle is mediated in society as information or propaganda, as advertisement or direct entertainment consumption, (Debord). The effects of the mediated spectacle tend to lead the consumer to an experience of alienation as the consumers want for commodities is dictated to serve and maintain capitalism. In addition the spectacle constantly reinforces itself, for example the television, which is in itself a product of the spectacle that is then used by the capitalist to implement the advertisement of other spectacles. Essentially the spectacle is the nightmare of imprisoned modern society (Debord) and explains the transition from the degradation of being into having to having into appearing (Debord). Jean Baudrillard took Marxs Critique of Capitalism and Debords The Society of the Spectacle to their conclusions with his own theory of simulation and simulacra. Similar to the idea of the spectacle, Baudrillard describes a world where the subject of everything has been replaced by a semiological value that has become more important than the original, real meaning of the object. This object he calls a simulacra. In Simulacra and Simulation Baudrillard adds extra complexity to these ideas by establishing a hierarchy of simulation, which he gives four orders. In the first order the object is a copy of an original and so can be linked to a basic reality, for example a photograph of an actual event. The second order of simulation misrepresents the original subject; in the example the photography has been digitally manipulated in Photoshop to present a non-occurrence. In the third order a reality is recreated from a simulation of an original reality, when in fact, through the process of simulacra, the original has been lost, e. g. a scene is recreated from the digitally manipulated photograph of the original event. Finally, the forth order of simulation is the combined process of the first, second and third order to such an extent that the object bears no relation to reality or the original, for example the photograph has become a virtual reality. In this instance the link between reality and the signifying systems is almost impossible to ascertain, thus creating a hyper-reality. It is the use of one simulacra as a basis for the formation of another simulacra that shows the first signs of relevance to post modernity. Consequently, in post modernism, everything is understood in relation to everything that has come before, which in design manifests itself in referencing. Post modernism is also concerned with the fact that there is no right or wrong and essentially that no real truth exists. It is of course possible for a sign to make a transition through all four of the orders of simulation, constantly abstracting meaning and widening the gap between simulation and reality. However due to the complexity of repeated abstraction and signification it becomes necessary for an amount of speculation and simplification to occur when examining transitional examples. If we take, for example, the now famous emblem of automotive company Rolls Royce, it becomes apparent the extent to which a symbolic object can be re-simulated, each time loosing a part of its original meaning. Spirit of Ecstasy, designed by sculptor Charles Sykes and mass produced in 1911, is a cast metal emblem representing the figurine of a girl with arms outstretched to hold the folds of her gown blowing in the breeze. To the present day this emblem has been displayed on the bonnets of Rolls Royce cars and is the first order of simulation in terms of it being a representation of a real person from which the sculpture has been modelled. The object also references the figure heads of classic sailing ships in an attempt to convey the automotive product as an elegant, quite and reliable vehicle, which were the mediated associations with the brand during the early development of the company. In this instance the object enters the third order of simulation as a real event (model posing for sculptor) is created from an existing symbolic object (sailing boat figure heads) in order to be recreated as a new symbolic object (Spirit of Ecstasy emblem). At this point it is important to note that this example as an investigation could examine many more stages of referencing prior to the signs use as figure heads, though this could prove too difficult and inaccurate, again reinforcing the existence of a hyper-reality. The tea pot, designed by Michael Graves in 1985 for Alessi, brings the symbol to its conclusion. The tea pot employs a plastic emblem of a bird that is attached to the spout of the kettle and creates a whistling noise when the water is boiled. This creates a pun between the whistling of a kettle and the singing of bird but more importantly, its similar visual appearance (i. e. the wings of the bird and the outstretched arms and gown of the girl) makes a reference of Rolls Royce cars. Because during the late 20th century the values associated with Rolls Royce have matured to convey the brand as one of top class and status, so it are these value that are associated with Graves tea pot, supposed to the original associations that Rolls Royce was referencing from classic sailing ships. Therefore the product has clearly entered the forth order of simulation is it holds no relation to the original meaning that the original object as sign attempted to represent. Also, by referencing past signs, it can be described as a post modern object. Like Debord, Baudrillard agreed that simulation was important to the survival of capitalism as it, through mediation, can control the level of consumption within society. Baudrillard used the term valorisation to describe the process through which symbolic objects attain value. An excellent example of valorisation is Pokemon cards, which are essentially printed illustrations on card and so their use value is very low. However, via mediation, Pokemon cards have been given a simulated symbolic value that has made them desirable and powerful as a commodity. As well as design, Baudrillards theory of simulation and simulacra has also proved influential in film making, for example in The Matrix, directed by the Wachowski brothers. The Matrix is set in the future at a time when the real world has been reduced to a desert waste land by a war between humanity and machines; after the invention of artificial intelligence. Because the machines are dependant on solar power, the humans have caused the equivalent of a nuclear winter by blocking out sunlight. This has caused the machines to retaliate by imprisoning humans in gel filled pods so that energy can be extracted from them in the form of heat. In order to control the humans in this procedure a computer simulated world called the matrix exists, that all of the imprisoned humans are connected to, living their lives in what they believe is the late 20th century, oblivious to the fact that their real bodies are in stasis in the real world. The film therefore acts as a metaphor for contemporary western cultures. Firstly the matrix is an existence of the fourth order of simulation in that it is a system of mere signs that are completely detached from reality, i. e. hyper-reality. Just as in contemporary cultures, the people who live in the matrix are unaware that they are controlled by a system through simulation. You are a slave, neo, like everyone else you were born into bondage, born into a prison that you cannot smell or taste or touch, a prison for your mind What is the matrix? Control. The matrix is a computer generated dream world built to keep us under control in order to change a human being into this (he holds up a copper battery) (Morpheus talking to Neo, The Matrix). In addition the film suggests that the prisoners of the Matrix are also dependant upon it, to the extent that they will fight to protect it. Baudrillards idea of mediasation appears in the film when it is suggested that there was a machine spawning a whole race of machines (Morpheus talking to Neo, The Matrix), thus the social control of the machines (mediation of signs) increasingly exert themselves with every new generation. Interestingly The Matrix seems to offer a solution to simulation and social control by the system, which is one of enlightenment. Once Neo understands the systems and can see the signs (computer code) of the matrix for what they really are, then he can choose to follow a different set of rules thus gaining control of his environment. As well as a theological basis on Baudrillard, The Matrix tends to convey the story via symbolic references and thus is post modern by nature. For example the follow the white rabbit scene employs a tattoo of a white rabbit, which is referenced from Alice in Wonderland in order to convey the uncertainty in discovering the truth of an alternate reality. In the same scene Neo also opens a copy Baudrillards Simulacra and Simulation in effect reinforcing links to that element of the film. In conclusion, I have identified the main themes surrounding Baudrillards orders of simulacra and simulation, shown how they relate to modern and post modern design and have given contemporary examples of their use in product design and film making. I believe that such an understanding of simulation has served well to better understanding referencing in post modernity. References Debord, G., (1977) The Society of the Spectacle, Black Red Poster, M., (1998) Jean Baudrillard: Selected Writings, Polity Press Tucker, R. C., (1978) The Marx Engels Reader Second Edition, Norton Company Bibliography Hebdige, D., (1994) Hiding in the Light, Routledge http://www.geneseo.edu/~bicket/panop/baudrillard.ht http://www.artisanitorium.thehydden.com/nonfiction/film/matrix.htm http://www.rolls-roycemotorcars.com/master_frame.html